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Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

Energy & Chemical Reactions

1
Q

energy is

A

the capacity to do work

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2
Q

why are energy and matter different?

A

energy does not have mass and does not take up space

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3
Q

two forms of energy

A

potential and kinetic

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4
Q

potential energy is

A

energy that is stored/the energy of position

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5
Q

kinetic energy is

A

the energy of motion

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6
Q

what is an example of potential energy in the body?

A

concentration gradient between the inside and outside of the cell

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7
Q

four examples of kinetic energy

A

electrical
mechanical
sound
radiant

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8
Q

heat is

A

the kinetic energy associaed with random motion of atoms, ions, or molecules

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9
Q

heat is considered a

A

waste product

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10
Q

heat is measured as

A

temperature of a substance

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11
Q

chemical energy is

A

a form of potential energy where energy is stored in the bonds of a molecule

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12
Q

three main molecules involved in chemical energy storage

A

triglycerides
glucose
ATP

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13
Q

a chemical reaction occurs

A

when chemical bonds in an existing molecule are broken and new bonds are formed

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14
Q

metabolism is

A

a collective term for all biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms

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15
Q

a chemical equation is

A

the written summary of changes when a chemical reaction occurs

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16
Q

chemical equations are composed of

A

products and reactants

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17
Q

reactants are

A

present prior to the start of a chemical reaction and are the substances/substrates that are being reacted

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18
Q

products are

A

the substances that are formed from the reactants in the chemical reaction

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19
Q

decomposition reaction is where

A

one larger molecule is broken down into two or more smaller molecules

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20
Q

synthesis reaction is where

A

two or more atoms/molecules are combined to create a larger molecule

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21
Q

an exchange reaction is where

A

atoms/molecules are exchanged between two chemical structures

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22
Q

an exergonic reaction occurs when

A

the reactants at the beginning of the reaction have more potential energy than the products formed

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23
Q

in an exergonic reaction, heat is

A

released as a result of more potential energy in the reactants

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24
Q

an endergonic reaction occurs when

A

the reactants have less potential energy than the products

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25
in an endergonic reaction, heat is
absorbed
26
ATP cycling is
the continuous formation and breakdown of ATP
27
ADP + P is (ender/exergonic)?
endergonic
28
ATP broken down to ADP + P is (ender/exergonic)?
exergonic
29
why is ATP production continous?
cells cannot store ATP
30
An irreversible reaction involves
reactants that are converted into products where there is a net loss of reactants and net gain products
31
A reversible reaction involves
reactants that are converted into products until an equilibrium is reached, a state where reactants to products and products to reactants is equal
32
A reaction at equilibrium will
stay until the concentration of either reactants or products is change
33
example of a reversible reaction
bicarbonate buffer reaction
34
reaction rate is
the measure of how quickly a chemical reaction takes place, determining the amount of product formed per unit time
35
Activation energy, Ea, is
the energy required to break chemical bonds so a reaction can proceed, the primary factor that influences the reaction rate
36
common way to provide energy to a reaction to overcome activation energy?
addition of heat
37
How does the body proceed in many chemical reactions?
catalysts, specifically enzymes
38
what happens when you add a catalyst to a reaction that does not necessarily need one?
the reaction rate can speed up, creating more products per unit time
39
what is the catalytic enzyme of the bicarbonate buffer?
carbonic anhydrase
40
most enzymes are
globular proteins
41
amino acids in the protein chain fold to form a unique, tertiary structure with a depression/grooved region called the
active site
42
An enzyme's active site temporarily binds with the substrate of the reaction to form the
enzyme-substrate complex
43
can active sites bind to multiple different types of molecules?
no. active sites have a specific shape, only allowing a certain substrate or group of substrates to bind
44
three locations an enzyme may end up
remain in the cell become embedded in the plasma membrane be secreted from the cell and go elsewhere in the body
45
six main groups of enzymes
oxidoreductase transferase hydrolase isomerase ligase lyase
46
oxidoreductases
transfer electrons from one substance to another
47
transferases
transfer functional groups
48
hydrolases
split chemical bonds using water
49
isomerases
convert one isomer to another
50
ligases
bond two molecules together
51
lyases
split chemical bonds in the absence of water
52
enzyme saturation is where
the concentration of a substrate is more than the enzyme can bind with
53
three environmental factors that can affect enzyme function
saturation pH temperature
54
cellular respiration is
multi-step metabolic pathway where organic molecules are broken down by various enzymes
55
four key characteristics of cellular respiration
Its processes are exergonic The organic molecule that is being broken down releases high-energy electrons. When this occurs, the molecule is considered oxidized Synthesis of ATP is an endergonic process Oxygen is required for maximum ATP production
56
primary organic molecule used in cellular respiration
glucose
57
general chemical formula of cellular respiration using glucose
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O One glucose molecule + 6 oxygen molecules produces 6 carbon dioxide molecules + 6 water molecules
58
Cellular respiration occurs in two primary locations within the cell:
the cytosol and the mitochondria
59
four stages of cellular respiration
glycolysis intermediate stage citric acid cycle/krebs cycle/TCA electron transport chain
60
glycolysis occurs in the
cytosol
61
the intermediate stage, citric acid cycle, and ETC occur in the
mitochondria
62
does glycolysis require oxygen?
no, it can occur anaerobically and aerobically
63
during glycolysis, glucose is broken down into _____ and produces ______
2 molecules of pyruvate 2 net ATP and 2 NADH
64
glycolysis has ___ enzymatically regulated chemical reactions
10
65
if glycolysis occurs anaerobically, the pyruvate is
further converted into lactice acid
66
the intermediate stage is catalyzed by
pyruvate dehydrogenase
67
the role of pyruvate dehydrogenase is to
bring together the newly formed pyruvate from glycolysis and CoA (coenzyme A) to form acetyl-CoA
68
decarboxylation occurs in the intermediate stage when
the carboxyl group from pyruvate is released as carbon dioxide
69
the intermediate stage forms
2 molecules of acetyl CoA
70
the citric acid cycle is catalyzed by _____ enzymes
nine
71
in the citric acid cycle, acetyl CoA is
sent into the cycle and converted into various molecules with the production of CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP
72
the citric acid cycle is regenerative, meaning
the products of each step are reused in the cycle to continue making these four products
73
five main structures of the ETC
four proton pump complexes ATP synthase
74
the ETC works by
oxidizing products from the citric acid cycle and using the electrons as energy to send H+ (protons) up through the pumps into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. The concentration of protons in this space will increase and become greater than the mitochondrial matrix, sending protons through the ATP synthase, creating ATP from ADP and P
75
oxidative phosphorylation is
the process of producing ATP using the electron transport chain
76
oxidative phosphorlyation produces
32 ATP 10 NAD+ 2 FAD 6 H2O
77
the citric acid cycle produces
4 CO2 6 NADH 2 FADH 2 ATP
78
the intermediate cycle produces
2 acetyl CoA 2 NADH 2 CO2

Anatomy & Physiology I (16 decks)

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