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Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

Energy & Chemical Reactions

1
Q

energy is

A

the capacity to do work

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2
Q

why are energy and matter different?

A

energy does not have mass and does not take up space

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3
Q

two forms of energy

A

potential and kinetic

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4
Q

potential energy is

A

energy that is stored/the energy of position

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5
Q

kinetic energy is

A

the energy of motion

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6
Q

what is an example of potential energy in the body?

A

concentration gradient between the inside and outside of the cell

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7
Q

four examples of kinetic energy

A

electrical
mechanical
sound
radiant

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8
Q

heat is

A

the kinetic energy associaed with random motion of atoms, ions, or molecules

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9
Q

heat is considered a

A

waste product

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10
Q

heat is measured as

A

temperature of a substance

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11
Q

chemical energy is

A

a form of potential energy where energy is stored in the bonds of a molecule

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12
Q

three main molecules involved in chemical energy storage

A

triglycerides
glucose
ATP

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13
Q

a chemical reaction occurs

A

when chemical bonds in an existing molecule are broken and new bonds are formed

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14
Q

metabolism is

A

a collective term for all biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms

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15
Q

a chemical equation is

A

the written summary of changes when a chemical reaction occurs

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16
Q

chemical equations are composed of

A

products and reactants

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17
Q

reactants are

A

present prior to the start of a chemical reaction and are the substances/substrates that are being reacted

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18
Q

products are

A

the substances that are formed from the reactants in the chemical reaction

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19
Q

decomposition reaction is where

A

one larger molecule is broken down into two or more smaller molecules

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20
Q

synthesis reaction is where

A

two or more atoms/molecules are combined to create a larger molecule

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21
Q

an exchange reaction is where

A

atoms/molecules are exchanged between two chemical structures

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22
Q

an exergonic reaction occurs when

A

the reactants at the beginning of the reaction have more potential energy than the products formed

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23
Q

in an exergonic reaction, heat is

A

released as a result of more potential energy in the reactants

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24
Q

an endergonic reaction occurs when

A

the reactants have less potential energy than the products

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25
Q

in an endergonic reaction, heat is

A

absorbed

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26
Q

ATP cycling is

A

the continuous formation and breakdown of ATP

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27
Q

ADP + P is (ender/exergonic)?

A

endergonic

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28
Q

ATP broken down to ADP + P is (ender/exergonic)?

A

exergonic

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29
Q

why is ATP production continous?

A

cells cannot store ATP

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30
Q

An irreversible reaction involves

A

reactants that are converted into products where there is a net loss of reactants and net gain products

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31
Q

A reversible reaction involves

A

reactants that are converted into products until an equilibrium is reached, a state where reactants to products and products to reactants is equal

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32
Q

A reaction at equilibrium will

A

stay until the concentration of either reactants or products is change

33
Q

example of a reversible reaction

A

bicarbonate buffer reaction

34
Q

reaction rate is

A

the measure of how quickly a chemical reaction takes place, determining the amount of product formed per unit time

35
Q

Activation energy, Ea, is

A

the energy required to break chemical bonds so a reaction can proceed, the primary factor that influences the reaction rate

36
Q

common way to provide energy to a reaction to overcome activation energy?

A

addition of heat

37
Q

How does the body proceed in many chemical reactions?

A

catalysts, specifically enzymes

38
Q

what happens when you add a catalyst to a reaction that does not necessarily need one?

A

the reaction rate can speed up, creating more products per unit time

39
Q

what is the catalytic enzyme of the bicarbonate buffer?

A

carbonic anhydrase

40
Q

most enzymes are

A

globular proteins

41
Q

amino acids in the protein chain fold to form a unique, tertiary structure with a depression/grooved region called the

A

active site

42
Q

An enzyme’s active site temporarily binds with the substrate of the reaction to form the

A

enzyme-substrate complex

43
Q

can active sites bind to multiple different types of molecules?

A

no. active sites have a specific shape, only allowing a certain substrate or group of substrates to bind

44
Q

three locations an enzyme may end up

A

remain in the cell

become embedded in the plasma membrane

be secreted from the cell and go elsewhere in the body

45
Q

six main groups of enzymes

A

oxidoreductase
transferase
hydrolase
isomerase
ligase
lyase

46
Q

oxidoreductases

A

transfer electrons from one substance to another

47
Q

transferases

A

transfer functional groups

48
Q

hydrolases

A

split chemical bonds using water

49
Q

isomerases

A

convert one isomer to another

50
Q

ligases

A

bond two molecules together

51
Q

lyases

A

split chemical bonds in the absence of water

52
Q

enzyme saturation is where

A

the concentration of a substrate is more than the enzyme can bind with

53
Q

three environmental factors that can affect enzyme function

A

saturation
pH
temperature

54
Q

cellular respiration is

A

multi-step metabolic pathway where organic molecules are broken down by various enzymes

55
Q

four key characteristics of cellular respiration

A

Its processes are exergonic

The organic molecule that is being broken down releases high-energy electrons. When this occurs, the molecule is considered oxidized

Synthesis of ATP is an endergonic process

Oxygen is required for maximum ATP production

56
Q

primary organic molecule used in cellular respiration

A

glucose

57
Q

general chemical formula of cellular respiration using glucose

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

One glucose molecule + 6 oxygen molecules produces 6 carbon dioxide molecules + 6 water molecules

58
Q

Cellular respiration occurs in two primary locations within the cell:

A

the cytosol and the mitochondria

59
Q

four stages of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis
intermediate stage
citric acid cycle/krebs cycle/TCA
electron transport chain

60
Q

glycolysis occurs in the

A

cytosol

61
Q

the intermediate stage, citric acid cycle, and ETC occur in the

A

mitochondria

62
Q

does glycolysis require oxygen?

A

no, it can occur anaerobically and aerobically

63
Q

during glycolysis, glucose is broken down into _____ and produces ______

A

2 molecules of pyruvate

2 net ATP and 2 NADH

64
Q

glycolysis has ___ enzymatically regulated chemical reactions

A

10

65
Q

if glycolysis occurs anaerobically, the pyruvate is

A

further converted into lactice acid

66
Q

the intermediate stage is catalyzed by

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

67
Q

the role of pyruvate dehydrogenase is to

A

bring together the newly formed pyruvate from glycolysis and CoA (coenzyme A) to form acetyl-CoA

68
Q

decarboxylation occurs in the intermediate stage when

A

the carboxyl group from pyruvate is released as carbon dioxide

69
Q

the intermediate stage forms

A

2 molecules of acetyl CoA

70
Q

the citric acid cycle is catalyzed by _____ enzymes

A

nine

71
Q

in the citric acid cycle, acetyl CoA is

A

sent into the cycle and converted into various molecules with the production of CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP

72
Q

the citric acid cycle is regenerative, meaning

A

the products of each step are reused in the cycle to continue making these four products

73
Q

five main structures of the ETC

A

four proton pump complexes
ATP synthase

74
Q

the ETC works by

A

oxidizing products from the citric acid cycle and using the electrons as energy to send H+ (protons) up through the pumps into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria.

The concentration of protons in this space will increase and become greater than the mitochondrial matrix, sending protons through the ATP synthase, creating ATP from ADP and P

75
Q

oxidative phosphorylation is

A

the process of producing ATP using the electron transport chain

76
Q

oxidative phosphorlyation produces

A

32 ATP

10 NAD+

2 FAD

6 H2O

77
Q

the citric acid cycle produces

A

4 CO2

6 NADH

2 FADH

2 ATP

78
Q

the intermediate cycle produces

A

2 acetyl CoA

2 NADH

2 CO2

Anatomy & Physiology I (16 decks)

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