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KIN 207 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 body systems that we talk about in this course?

A
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Adipose
  • Endocrine
  • Nervous
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2
Q

What is a rate-limiting constraints?

A

a system that lags in development can be a developmental rate limiter

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3
Q

Where does ossification begin? (prenatal)

A
  • primary ossification centers in the midportions of long bones
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4
Q

How many primary ossification centers are present before birth and after birth?

A

around 400 before the baby is born and another 400 of them show up after birth

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5
Q

What is ossification?

A

Bone formation
process by which new bone is produced

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6
Q

Where does growth in bone length occur?

A

secondary ossification centers at the end of the bone shaft

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7
Q

What are secondary ossification centers also known as?

A
  • epiphyseal plates
  • growth plates
  • pressure epiphyses
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8
Q

How do small round bones ossify

A

from the centre out

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9
Q

what is increase in bone girth called?

A

appositional bone growth

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10
Q

What are traction epiphyses

A

where muscle tendons attach to bones

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11
Q

What happens to bone as you get older?

A
  • bone growth slows
  • fails to keep pace with resorption
  • results in loss of bone mass
  • bone becomes more brittle
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12
Q

Why do women have more of a risk for severe bone structure changes?

A

menopause, don’t have as much osteoblastic activity

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13
Q

What does prenatal muscle fiber growth involve?

A

hyperplasia (number of cells) and hypertrophy (size of the cells)

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14
Q

What pattern does muscle growth follow?

A

sigmoid pattern

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15
Q

how does muscle increase in diameter and length?

A

the addition of sarcomeres

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16
Q

What kind of growth happens posnatally?

A

hypertrophy

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17
Q

at what age do you start losing muscle mass?

A
  • minimal until 50 years
  • still lots of variability
  • by 80, on average an additional 30% of muscle mass is lost
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18
Q

what heart ventricle is larger at birth?

A

the right ventricle but the left catches up

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19
Q

what happens to the heart in old age?

A
  • heart can lose elasticity and valves become more fibrotic
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20
Q

When does adipose tissue first appears in a fetus?

A

at about 3.5 months

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21
Q

how much does adipose tissue account for of body weight at birth?

A

about 0.5 kg of body weight

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22
Q

What is adipose tissue used for?

A

energy storage
insulation
protection

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23
Q

at what age does subcutaneous fat increase?

A

6-7 years until age 12 or 13 in both sexes

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24
Q

what is the difference between males and females in regards to subcutaneous fat ?

A

subcutaneous fat continues to increase in females

males tend to lose subcutaneous fat mid-adolescence

25
Q

What is subcutaneous fat?

A

a type of fat that’s stored just beneath your skin

26
Q

What is the main purpose of the endocrine system

A
  • plays a role in regulating growth and maturation through hormones
27
Q

what do these hormones stimulate?

A

protein anabolism (constructive metabolism/tissue building)

28
Q

What are the major hormones involved in growth?

A
  • growth hormones (GH)
  • Thyroid hormones (TH)
  • gonadal hormones - estrogen, androgens (including testosterone
29
Q

what role does insulin play?

A

indirect role and is vital for carbohydrate metabolism and for the full functioning of GH

30
Q

what happens when you have a insulin deficiency?

A

can decrease protein synthesis, which is detrimental at any point in the lifespan, but particularly during growth

31
Q

What are the locations of the endocrine glands? (3)

A
  • Pituitary gland (anterior and posterior)
  • thyroid gland
  • adrenal glands (medulla and cortex)
32
Q

where is the growth hormone secreted?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

33
Q

what does the growth hormone do?

A

necessary for normal growth
stimulates protein anabolism = new tissue built

34
Q

What can a deficiency of growth hormone lead to?

A

can result in growth abnormality

35
Q

Where are the thyroid hormones secreted from?

A

thyroid gland

36
Q

what do the 3 types of thyroid hormones influence?

A

2 types influence whole-body
the 3rd one plays a role in skeletal growth

37
Q

What are gonadal hormones?

A

influences growth, sexual maturation (sex organs, secondary sex characteristics)

38
Q

what are the 2 types of gonadal hormones?

A

androgens and estrogen

39
Q

What are androgens? What are the roles of androgens?

A
  • secreted by testes (males), adrenal glands (both sexes)
  • hasten epiphyseal growth plate closure
  • promote growth of muscle mass by increasing nitrogen retention and protein synthesis
40
Q

What is estrogen and what are the roles of estrogen?

A
  • secreted by ovaries (females) adrenal cortex (both sexes)
  • hastens epiphyseal growth plates closure
  • promotes accumulation of fat
41
Q

What is the frontal lobe’s responsibility?

A
  • Voluntary movement
  • Language
  • Higher level executive function
    ○ Collection of having higher level talkative skills
    ○Control responses
42
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex’s responsibility?

A
  • For infants it helps them to be able to recognize faces, voices, favourites
  • For older individuals
    ○ Key in planning,
    prioritizing
    ○One of the last
    things to
    develop
43
Q

What is the parietal lobe’s responsibility?

A
  • Helps us receive and process sensory input
    ○ Touch
    ○ Pressure
    ○ Heat/cold
    ○ Paint
  • Body awareness
  • Create a mental map
  • Spatially coordination
44
Q

What is the temporal lobe’s responsibility?

A
  • Important for emotions
  • Processing information from your senses
  • Storing and retrieving memory
  • Understanding language
45
Q

What is the occipital lobe’s responsibility?

A
  • Visual processing
    ○ Get spatial information
    ○ Distance and depth perception
    ○ Discern colours
    ○ Object and face recognition
    ○ Memory formation
46
Q

What is the diencephalon’s responsibility?

A
  • Very crucial body function
    ○ Coordinate the endocrine system
    ○ Relays sensory and motor signals
    ○ Circadian rhythm
    ○ Breathing, consciousness, BP, HR
  • Blends into the brain stem
47
Q

What is the brain stems responsibility?

A
  • Consciousness
  • the control centre
48
Q

What is the cerebellum’s responsibility?

A
  • motor control **
  • posture maintenance
  • balance
49
Q

what is the cerebral cortex?

A

outer layer of the brain that lays across the cerebellum

50
Q

What are the roles and responsibilities of the cell body?

A
  • compared to a trees root system
  • dendrites reach out to get the nutrients
  • messages are converted into electrical impulses
51
Q

What are the roles and responsibilities of the axons?

A
  • Trees trunk
  • Nutrients transfer up the trunk
  • Axon terminal
    ○ Buds that are at the end of a tree branch
    ○ Electrical impulses are transferee here to be picked up by another nerve cell
52
Q

where is the myelin sheath located?

A

surrounding the axon

53
Q

What sort of extrinsic factors fine-tune the system

A

teratogens might disturb normal mitigation and branching

54
Q

What happens to the nervous system prenatally?

A

The formation of neurons, their differentiation into a general type, and their migration to a final position in the nervous system

55
Q

What % of the adult weight of the brain does a baby have at birth?

A

25% of the adult weight

56
Q

What factors is involved in growth?

A
  • increases in size of neurons
  • prolific branching to form synapses
  • increases in glial cells for support and nourishment of neurons
  • increases in myelin to insulin axons
57
Q

What are some major changes in both structure and function occur within childhood?

A
  • changes due to maturation as well as neural pruning
  • second surge of neuronal growth right before puberty
  • continued refinement up to 25 years of age
58
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

division and propagation of neurons

59
Q

What is the neural network model?

A
  • one theory of aging that suggestios that breaks in neural network links cause detours and therefore slowing
  • with advancing age, more links break and as a result there is a longer signaling time

KIN 207 (13 decks)

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