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KIN 207 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 body systems that we talk about in this course?

A
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Adipose
  • Endocrine
  • Nervous
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2
Q

What is a rate-limiting constraints?

A

a system that lags in development can be a developmental rate limiter

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3
Q

Where does ossification begin? (prenatal)

A
  • primary ossification centers in the midportions of long bones
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4
Q

How many primary ossification centers are present before birth and after birth?

A

around 400 before the baby is born and another 400 of them show up after birth

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5
Q

What is ossification?

A

Bone formation
process by which new bone is produced

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6
Q

Where does growth in bone length occur?

A

secondary ossification centers at the end of the bone shaft

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7
Q

What are secondary ossification centers also known as?

A
  • epiphyseal plates
  • growth plates
  • pressure epiphyses
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8
Q

How do small round bones ossify

A

from the centre out

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9
Q

what is increase in bone girth called?

A

appositional bone growth

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10
Q

What are traction epiphyses

A

where muscle tendons attach to bones

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11
Q

What happens to bone as you get older?

A
  • bone growth slows
  • fails to keep pace with resorption
  • results in loss of bone mass
  • bone becomes more brittle
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12
Q

Why do women have more of a risk for severe bone structure changes?

A

menopause, don’t have as much osteoblastic activity

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13
Q

What does prenatal muscle fiber growth involve?

A

hyperplasia (number of cells) and hypertrophy (size of the cells)

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14
Q

What pattern does muscle growth follow?

A

sigmoid pattern

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15
Q

how does muscle increase in diameter and length?

A

the addition of sarcomeres

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16
Q

What kind of growth happens posnatally?

A

hypertrophy

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17
Q

at what age do you start losing muscle mass?

A
  • minimal until 50 years
  • still lots of variability
  • by 80, on average an additional 30% of muscle mass is lost
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18
Q

what heart ventricle is larger at birth?

A

the right ventricle but the left catches up

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19
Q

what happens to the heart in old age?

A
  • heart can lose elasticity and valves become more fibrotic
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20
Q

When does adipose tissue first appears in a fetus?

A

at about 3.5 months

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21
Q

how much does adipose tissue account for of body weight at birth?

A

about 0.5 kg of body weight

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22
Q

What is adipose tissue used for?

A

energy storage
insulation
protection

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23
Q

at what age does subcutaneous fat increase?

A

6-7 years until age 12 or 13 in both sexes

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24
Q

what is the difference between males and females in regards to subcutaneous fat ?

A

subcutaneous fat continues to increase in females

males tend to lose subcutaneous fat mid-adolescence

25
What is subcutaneous fat?
a type of fat that's stored just beneath your skin
26
What is the main purpose of the endocrine system
- plays a role in regulating growth and maturation through hormones
27
what do these hormones stimulate?
protein anabolism (constructive metabolism/tissue building)
28
What are the major hormones involved in growth?
- growth hormones (GH) - Thyroid hormones (TH) - gonadal hormones - estrogen, androgens (including testosterone
29
what role does insulin play?
indirect role and is vital for carbohydrate metabolism and for the full functioning of GH
30
what happens when you have a insulin deficiency?
can decrease protein synthesis, which is detrimental at any point in the lifespan, but particularly during growth
31
What are the locations of the endocrine glands? (3)
- Pituitary gland (anterior and posterior) - thyroid gland - adrenal glands (medulla and cortex)
32
where is the growth hormone secreted?
Anterior pituitary gland
33
what does the growth hormone do?
necessary for normal growth stimulates protein anabolism = new tissue built
34
What can a deficiency of growth hormone lead to?
can result in growth abnormality
35
Where are the thyroid hormones secreted from?
thyroid gland
36
what do the 3 types of thyroid hormones influence?
2 types influence whole-body the 3rd one plays a role in skeletal growth
37
What are gonadal hormones?
influences growth, sexual maturation (sex organs, secondary sex characteristics)
38
what are the 2 types of gonadal hormones?
androgens and estrogen
39
What are androgens? What are the roles of androgens?
- secreted by testes (males), adrenal glands (both sexes) - hasten epiphyseal growth plate closure - promote growth of muscle mass by increasing nitrogen retention and protein synthesis
40
What is estrogen and what are the roles of estrogen?
- secreted by ovaries (females) adrenal cortex (both sexes) - hastens epiphyseal growth plates closure - promotes accumulation of fat
41
What is the frontal lobe's responsibility?
- Voluntary movement - Language - Higher level executive function ○ Collection of having higher level talkative skills ○Control responses
42
What is the prefrontal cortex's responsibility?
- For infants it helps them to be able to recognize faces, voices, favourites - For older individuals ○ Key in planning, prioritizing ○One of the last things to develop
43
What is the parietal lobe's responsibility?
- Helps us receive and process sensory input ○ Touch ○ Pressure ○ Heat/cold ○ Paint - Body awareness - Create a mental map - Spatially coordination
44
What is the temporal lobe's responsibility?
- Important for emotions - Processing information from your senses - Storing and retrieving memory - Understanding language
45
What is the occipital lobe's responsibility?
- Visual processing ○ Get spatial information ○ Distance and depth perception ○ Discern colours ○ Object and face recognition ○ Memory formation
46
What is the diencephalon's responsibility?
- Very crucial body function ○ Coordinate the endocrine system ○ Relays sensory and motor signals ○ Circadian rhythm ○ Breathing, consciousness, BP, HR - Blends into the brain stem
47
What is the brain stems responsibility?
- Consciousness - the control centre
48
What is the cerebellum's responsibility?
- motor control **** - posture maintenance - balance
49
what is the cerebral cortex?
outer layer of the brain that lays across the cerebellum
50
What are the roles and responsibilities of the cell body?
- compared to a trees root system - dendrites reach out to get the nutrients - messages are converted into electrical impulses
51
What are the roles and responsibilities of the axons?
- Trees trunk - Nutrients transfer up the trunk - Axon terminal ○ Buds that are at the end of a tree branch ○ Electrical impulses are transferee here to be picked up by another nerve cell
52
where is the myelin sheath located?
surrounding the axon
53
What sort of extrinsic factors fine-tune the system
teratogens might disturb normal mitigation and branching
54
What happens to the nervous system prenatally?
The formation of neurons, their differentiation into a general type, and their migration to a final position in the nervous system
55
What % of the adult weight of the brain does a baby have at birth?
25% of the adult weight
56
What factors is involved in growth?
- increases in size of neurons - prolific branching to form synapses - increases in glial cells for support and nourishment of neurons - increases in myelin to insulin axons
57
What are some major changes in both structure and function occur within childhood?
- changes due to maturation as well as neural pruning - second surge of neuronal growth right before puberty - continued refinement up to 25 years of age
58
What is neurogenesis?
division and propagation of neurons
59
What is the neural network model?
- one theory of aging that suggestios that breaks in neural network links cause detours and therefore slowing - with advancing age, more links break and as a result there is a longer signaling time

KIN 207 (13 decks)

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