Chapter 8

Question 1

What is the deference between universality and specificity?

Answer 1

universality: patterns that hold for all humans e.g. growth spurts
specificity: individual variation e.g. when will the growth spurts happen

Question 2

What is early development controlled by?

Answer 2

Genes

Question 3

what are the 2 phases of prenatal growth?

Answer 3

• embryonic growth (conception to 8 weeks)
• fetal growth (8 weeks to birth)

Question 4

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 4

the number of cells increase

Question 5

What are the major milestones happening at 4 weeks?

Answer 5

limbs are roughly formed, heartbeat begins

Question 6

What are the major milestones happening at 8 weeks?

Answer 6

human form is noticeable (eyes, ears, nose, mouth, fingers and toes)

Question 7

growth happens in 2 directions, what are they?

Answer 7

Cephalocaudal (head to toe)
proximodistal (near to far) trunk advanced and then goes to limbs

Question 8

What are the key milestones that happen at 12 weeks?

Answer 8

can tell sex, large head, brain configuration nearly complete

Question 9

What are the key milestones that happen at 16 weeks?

Answer 9

motor activity, trunk size gaining on head size, heart muscle developed, sense organs formed

Question 10

What are the key milestones that happen at 24 weeks?

Answer 10

Respiratory-like movements

Question 11

What are the key milestones that happen at 28 weeks?

Answer 11

Fat tissue developing, light sensitive

Question 12

What are the key milestones that happen at 32 weeks?

Answer 12

Weight increases more than length, start to taste

Question 13

What are the key milestones that happen at 40 weeks?

Answer 13

Hair on head, smooth skin, ossification, myelination

Question 14

What are teratogens?

Answer 14

Any drug or chemical that causes abnormal prenatal development on exposure

Question 15

What type of pattern does overall growth follow?

Answer 15

Sigmoid (s-shaped) pattern

Question 16

When does the peak height velocity occur in females and males?

Answer 16

Females: 11.5 to 12 years
Males: 13.5 to 14 years

Question 17

When does growth in height taper off females and males?

Answer 17

Females: 14 and ends around 16
Males: 17 and ends around 18

Question 18

How many cm do females and males grow per year?

Answer 18

Females: 8cm
Males: 9cm

Question 19

What are secondary sex characteristics?

Answer 19

Aspects of form or structure appropriate to males and females, often used to assess physiological maturity in adolescents

Question 20

What are some secondary sex characteristics in females?

Answer 20

Breasts enlarge, pubic hair, reach menarche

Question 21

What is menarche?

Answer 21

Shows reproductive maturity
First occurrence of menstruation

Question 22

How old are females when you start to see secondary sex characteristics?

Answer 22

Average age is 12-12.5 years

Question 23

What are some secondary sex characteristics in males?

Answer 23

Testes and scrotum grow in size, pubic hair appears , voice change, facial hair

Question 24

What impact does aging have on height

Answer 24

• compression of cartilage pads
• osteoporosis