Chapter 16

Question 1

What are psychosocial influences?

Answer 1

• interaction of individual constraints with environmental constraints

Question 2

What is self-esteem

Answer 2

how we value and perceive ourselves. It’s based on our opinions and beliefs about ourselves, which can feel difficult to change. We might also think of this as self-confidence

Question 3

What are the aspects of the self esteem model?

Answer 3

Social interactions
- parental appraisal
- comparison with others
- teacher or coach feedback

Emotions
- enjoyment
- pride, excitement with success
- disappointment, stress with failure

Question 4

At what age do children’s self esteem is influenced by verbal and non-verbal communication from significant others?

Answer 4

ALL AGES

Question 5

Explain the development of self-esteem in ages 5-10?

Answer 5

children as young as 5 can compare themselves with others

before age 10 they depend more an parental appraisals and outcomes than direct comparisons to determine physical competence

Question 6

Explain the development of self-esteem of children over 10

Answer 6

children over 10 rely more on comparisons with and appraisals given by their peers to determine physical competence

Question 7

What is perceived competence?

Answer 7

an individual’s belief in his or her ability to learn and execute skills.

Question 8

Why is perceived competence important?

Answer 8

those with high perceptions of competence tend to have more positive reactions in sport and physical activity than those who feel less competent

Question 9

How are emotions associated with participation in sport and PA

Answer 9

emotions affect self esteem development . Emotions can also impact motivation
- pride and excitement= success
- disappointment, negative affect= failure

Question 10

What are causal attributions?

Answer 10

Are the reasons people give for their successes and failures

Question 11

What is the attribution theory in regards to sport?

Answer 11

Attribution theory is a concept involved in sports psychology that investigates what people attribute their successes and failures to

Question 12

What are the elements of the attribution theory?

Answer 12

1. basic attribution categories
2. Stability (stable, unstable), Locus of causality (internal, external), locus of control (in one’s control, out of one’s control)

Question 13

Explain the causal attributions of a person with high self-esteem

Answer 13

Internal: the person is responsible for their own success or failure

Stable: The outcome-influencing factors are consistent from one situation to the next

Controllable: The person is in control of the outcome-influencing factors

Question 14

Explain the causal attributions of a person with low self-esteem

Answer 14

External: Success and failure are due to influences outside the person

Unstable: the outcome is based on fluctuating influences

Uncontrollable: The person is unable to control or influence the outcome

Question 15

Explain children’s attributions (high and low self-esteem)

Answer 15

high: give internal, stable, controllable reasons for outcomes

low: tend to make inaccurate attributions about outcomes

Question 16

How do adults evaluate themselves?

Answer 16

• Observing past and present accomplishments and failures
• Comparing themselves with others
• Receiving verbal persuasion from others
• Observing their physiological state or fitness level

Question 17

What is self-efficacy

Answer 17

Belief in ones ability to successfully perform or accomplish tasks in a specific situation to obtain a desired outcome

Question 18

What are the 4 things that affect self efficacy?

Answer 18

Mastery experiences
Vicarious experiences
Social persuasions
Physiological and affective states

Question 19

What can high perceived competence result in?

Answer 19

• higher self esteem
• increased performance effort
• increased engagement

Question 20

Explain the developmental relationships in early childhood?

Answer 20

• perception of actual motor ability is inaccurate
• giving effort is equated to high levels of competence
• moderate positive relationship seen between perceived and actual motor competence

Question 21

Explain the developmental relationships in middle childhood

Answer 21

• perception improves
• boys perceive their motor competence to be higher
• girls perceive their locomotor skills to be less than they are
• boys perceive their object control skills to be higher than they are

Question 22

Explain the developmental relationships in adolescence

Answer 22

• actual and perceived motor competence only moderately correlated
• not a lot of research done

Question 23

What are some reasons of children’s persistence?

Answer 23

• be competent by improving skills or attaining goals
• affiliate with or make new friends
• be part of a team
• undertake competition and be successful
• have fun
• improve fitness and health

Question 24

What are reasons for children’s drop out of sport?

Answer 24

• dislike of coach
• lack of playing time
• too much pressure
• too much time required
• overemphasis on winning
• lack of fun
• lack of progress
• lack of success

Question 25

What is a teacher-centered approach?

Answer 25

• instructor designs and presents developmentally appropriate activities in class
• instructor chooses when to progress students to the next task

Question 26

What is a student-centered approach?

Answer 26

• student has optimal control over engagement-related decisions
• student effort is recognized as connected to the outcome

Question 27

What are the aspects of the adult activity level figure?

Answer 27

personal incentives
sense of self
perceived options

Question 28

What factors may adult participation be limited by?

Answer 28

• stereotypes of appropriate activity levels
• limited access to facilities and programs
• childhood experiences
• concerns over personal limitations on exercise
• lack of role models
• lack of knowledge about appropriate exercise programs