Chapter 5

Question 1

What is locomotion?

Answer 1

The act of moving from place to place
Moving on one, two or four limbs

Question 2

What is the difference between crawling and creeping?

Answer 2

Crawling (commando/combat crawl): moving on hands and abdomen
Creeping: moving on hands and knees

Question 3

What is the typical progression of early locomotion?

Answer 3

1. Crawling (abdomen on floor)
2. Low creeping with abdomen off floor but legs working symmetrically
3. Rocking back and forth in the creep position
4. Creeping with legs and arms working alternately

Question 4

What are some rate controllers, rate limiters for crawling and creeping?

Answer 4

• balance
• muscle strength
• lifting their head up from prone position

Question 5

What type of locomotion is walking considered?

Answer 5

First form of upright locomotion
Bipedal locomotion

Question 6

How is walking defined?

Answer 6

• 50% phasing between the legs
• period of double support (both feet on the ground) followed by period of single support

Question 7

What are some characteristics of early walking?

Answer 7

• stability and balance are maximized over mobility
• Arms are in high guard
• feet are out-toed and spread wide apart
• independent steps are taken
• no trunk rotation
• rate controllers are strength (to support body on one leg) and balance

Question 8

What are some rate limiters in early walking?

Answer 8

• balance on one leg
• strength to hold myself up on one leg
• coordination to move one foot in front of the other
• strength in core to have an upright posture

Question 9

What are some characteristics of proficient walking

Answer 9

• Stability is traded for mobility
• stride length increases
• move from flat food to heel to forefoot pattern
• base of support is reduced
• out-toeing is reduced
• pelvis rotates to allow full ROM in legs and oppositional movement to upper and lower body
• opposition (arms and legs occur)
• double knee-lock is adopted

Question 10

What are some developmental changes in older adults?

Answer 10

• stability is maximized
• out-toeing increases
• stride length decreases
• pelvic rotation decreases
• speed decreases
• objects are often used as balance aids

Question 11

What are some rate controllers in later walking?

Answer 11

• any of the changes associated with the aging process
• changes in structural constraints
• functional constraints
• pain
• lack of motivation
• lack of resources

Question 12

How is running defined?

Answer 12

• 50% phasing between the legs
• flight phase followed by single support

Question 13

What are some characteristics of early running?

Answer 13

• stability over mobility
• arms in high guard
• limited range of motion
• short stride length
• little rotation
• flat footed

Question 14

What are some rate limiters in early running

Answer 14

• balance
• the type of shoes
• lack of motivation
• stability
• strength
• technique
• fear of falling
• confidence

Question 15

What are some characteristics of proficient running?

Answer 15

• less stability, more mobility
• increased stride length
• planar movement
• narrow base of support
• no out-toeing
• trunk rotation to allow for a longer stride
• opposition of arms and legs
• refined movements for proficiency

Question 16

What are some rate controllers in later running?

Answer 16

• greater generation of force and ability to balance

Question 17

What is a jump?

Answer 17

Person propels self off ground with one or two feet; lands on two feet

Question 18

What is a hop?

Answer 18

Person propels self off ground with one foot; lands on same foot

Question 19

What is a leap?

Answer 19

Person propels self off ground with one foot, extends flight period, and lands on opposite foot

Question 20

When do children often begin simple jumping?

Answer 20

Before age 2

Question 21

What are some characteristics of early jumping?

Answer 21

• jumping only vertically (not horizontally)
• one-foot takeoff or landing
• no or limited preparatory movements

Question 22

What are some rate limiters of early jumping?

Answer 22

• coordination
• strength
• balance

Question 23

What are some rate limiters in jumping?

Answer 23

• development of enough force to bring own body into the air from a still position
• strength and coordination to develop force

Question 24

What are some characteristics of early hopping?

Answer 24

• support leg is lifted rather than used to project body
• arms are inactive
• swing leg is held rigidly in front of body

Question 25

What are some characteristics of proficient hopping?

Answer 25

• swing leg leads hip and moves through full range of motion
• support leg extends fully at hip
• oppositional arm movement generates force
• support leg is flexed on landing (to absorb force and prepare for next takeoff)

Question 26

What are rate controllers of hopping?

Answer 26

• coordination
• strength
• postural system

Question 27

What is a slide?

Answer 27

Sideways step on one foot, leap on other

Question 28

What is a skip?

Answer 28

Alternating step-hops on one foot, then on the other

Question 29

What are some characteristics of early galloping, sliding, skipping

Answer 29

• arrhythmic and stiff movements
• little or no arm movement
• little or no trunk rotation
• exaggeration of vertical lift
• short stride or step length

Question 30

What are some characteristics of proficient galloping, sliding, skipping

Answer 30

• The arms are no longer needed for balance

Question 31

What are rate limiters for galloping, sliding, skipping

Answer 31

Galloping: coordination (uncoupling legs), differential force production (legs performing different tasks)
Sliding: coordination (turning to one side)
Skipping : coordination (ability to perform 2 tasks with one leg