Chapter 5 Flashcards
What is locomotion?
The act of moving from place to place
Moving on one, two or four limbs
What is the difference between crawling and creeping?
Crawling (commando/combat crawl): moving on hands and abdomen
Creeping: moving on hands and knees
What is the typical progression of early locomotion?
- Crawling (abdomen on floor)
- Low creeping with abdomen off floor but legs working symmetrically
- Rocking back and forth in the creep position
- Creeping with legs and arms working alternately
What are some rate controllers, rate limiters for crawling and creeping?
- balance
- muscle strength
- lifting their head up from prone position
What type of locomotion is walking considered?
First form of upright locomotion
Bipedal locomotion
How is walking defined?
- 50% phasing between the legs
- period of double support (both feet on the ground) followed by period of single support
What are some characteristics of early walking?
- stability and balance are maximized over mobility
- Arms are in high guard
- feet are out-toed and spread wide apart
- independent steps are taken
- no trunk rotation
- rate controllers are strength (to support body on one leg) and balance
What are some rate limiters in early walking?
- balance on one leg
- strength to hold myself up on one leg
- coordination to move one foot in front of the other
- strength in core to have an upright posture
What are some characteristics of proficient walking
- Stability is traded for mobility
- stride length increases
- move from flat food to heel to forefoot pattern
- base of support is reduced
- out-toeing is reduced
- pelvis rotates to allow full ROM in legs and oppositional movement to upper and lower body
- opposition (arms and legs occur)
- double knee-lock is adopted
What are some developmental changes in older adults?
- stability is maximized
- out-toeing increases
- stride length decreases
- pelvic rotation decreases
- speed decreases
- objects are often used as balance aids
What are some rate controllers in later walking?
- any of the changes associated with the aging process
- changes in structural constraints
- functional constraints
- pain
- lack of motivation
- lack of resources
How is running defined?
- 50% phasing between the legs
- flight phase followed by single support
What are some characteristics of early running?
- stability over mobility
- arms in high guard
- limited range of motion
- short stride length
- little rotation
- flat footed
What are some rate limiters in early running
- balance
- the type of shoes
- lack of motivation
- stability
- strength
- technique
- fear of falling
- confidence
What are some characteristics of proficient running?
- less stability, more mobility
- increased stride length
- planar movement
- narrow base of support
- no out-toeing
- trunk rotation to allow for a longer stride
- opposition of arms and legs
- refined movements for proficiency
What are some rate controllers in later running?
- greater generation of force and ability to balance
What is a jump?
Person propels self off ground with one or two feet; lands on two feet
What is a hop?
Person propels self off ground with one foot; lands on same foot
What is a leap?
Person propels self off ground with one foot, extends flight period, and lands on opposite foot
When do children often begin simple jumping?
Before age 2
What are some characteristics of early jumping?
- jumping only vertically (not horizontally)
- one-foot takeoff or landing
- no or limited preparatory movements
What are some rate limiters of early jumping?
- coordination
- strength
- balance
What are some rate limiters in jumping?
- development of enough force to bring own body into the air from a still position
- strength and coordination to develop force
What are some characteristics of early hopping?
- support leg is lifted rather than used to project body
- arms are inactive
- swing leg is held rigidly in front of body
What are some characteristics of proficient hopping?
- swing leg leads hip and moves through full range of motion
- support leg extends fully at hip
- oppositional arm movement generates force
- support leg is flexed on landing (to absorb force and prepare for next takeoff)
What are rate controllers of hopping?
- coordination
- strength
- postural system
What is a slide?
Sideways step on one foot, leap on other
What is a skip?
Alternating step-hops on one foot, then on the other
What are some characteristics of early galloping, sliding, skipping
- arrhythmic and stiff movements
- little or no arm movement
- little or no trunk rotation
- exaggeration of vertical lift
- short stride or step length
What are some characteristics of proficient galloping, sliding, skipping
- The arms are no longer needed for balance
What are rate limiters for galloping, sliding, skipping
Galloping: coordination (uncoupling legs), differential force production (legs performing different tasks)
Sliding: coordination (turning to one side)
Skipping : coordination (ability to perform 2 tasks with one leg
