Chapter 5 Flashcards
(31 cards)
What is locomotion?
The act of moving from place to place
Moving on one, two or four limbs
What is the difference between crawling and creeping?
Crawling (commando/combat crawl): moving on hands and abdomen
Creeping: moving on hands and knees
What is the typical progression of early locomotion?
- Crawling (abdomen on floor)
- Low creeping with abdomen off floor but legs working symmetrically
- Rocking back and forth in the creep position
- Creeping with legs and arms working alternately
What are some rate controllers, rate limiters for crawling and creeping?
- balance
- muscle strength
- lifting their head up from prone position
What type of locomotion is walking considered?
First form of upright locomotion
Bipedal locomotion
How is walking defined?
- 50% phasing between the legs
- period of double support (both feet on the ground) followed by period of single support
What are some characteristics of early walking?
- stability and balance are maximized over mobility
- Arms are in high guard
- feet are out-toed and spread wide apart
- independent steps are taken
- no trunk rotation
- rate controllers are strength (to support body on one leg) and balance
What are some rate limiters in early walking?
- balance on one leg
- strength to hold myself up on one leg
- coordination to move one foot in front of the other
- strength in core to have an upright posture
What are some characteristics of proficient walking
- Stability is traded for mobility
- stride length increases
- move from flat food to heel to forefoot pattern
- base of support is reduced
- out-toeing is reduced
- pelvis rotates to allow full ROM in legs and oppositional movement to upper and lower body
- opposition (arms and legs occur)
- double knee-lock is adopted
What are some developmental changes in older adults?
- stability is maximized
- out-toeing increases
- stride length decreases
- pelvic rotation decreases
- speed decreases
- objects are often used as balance aids
What are some rate controllers in later walking?
- any of the changes associated with the aging process
- changes in structural constraints
- functional constraints
- pain
- lack of motivation
- lack of resources
How is running defined?
- 50% phasing between the legs
- flight phase followed by single support
What are some characteristics of early running?
- stability over mobility
- arms in high guard
- limited range of motion
- short stride length
- little rotation
- flat footed
What are some rate limiters in early running
- balance
- the type of shoes
- lack of motivation
- stability
- strength
- technique
- fear of falling
- confidence
What are some characteristics of proficient running?
- less stability, more mobility
- increased stride length
- planar movement
- narrow base of support
- no out-toeing
- trunk rotation to allow for a longer stride
- opposition of arms and legs
- refined movements for proficiency
What are some rate controllers in later running?
- greater generation of force and ability to balance
What is a jump?
Person propels self off ground with one or two feet; lands on two feet
What is a hop?
Person propels self off ground with one foot; lands on same foot
What is a leap?
Person propels self off ground with one foot, extends flight period, and lands on opposite foot
When do children often begin simple jumping?
Before age 2
What are some characteristics of early jumping?
- jumping only vertically (not horizontally)
- one-foot takeoff or landing
- no or limited preparatory movements
What are some rate limiters of early jumping?
- coordination
- strength
- balance
What are some rate limiters in jumping?
- development of enough force to bring own body into the air from a still position
- strength and coordination to develop force
What are some characteristics of early hopping?
- support leg is lifted rather than used to project body
- arms are inactive
- swing leg is held rigidly in front of body
