Chapter 6 Flashcards
What are ballistic skills?
- the performer applies force to an object to project it
E.g. throwing, kicking, striking, punting
What are the 3 forms of throwing?
- underhand
- sidearm
- overarm
What are the 2 forms of assessments of throwing?
- product measures (outcome): accuracy, distance, ball velocity
- process measures (movement pattern): developmental sequences
What are some characteristics of early overarm throwing?
- elbow is pointed up
- throw is executed by elbow extension alone
- limited trunk action
- no step
What are some characteristics of proficient overarm throwing?
- uses preparatory windup
- thrower steps opposite leg forward
- differentiated trunk rotation
- upper arm and forearm lag
- movements are sequential to transfer momentum
What is the typical sequence of an overarm throw?
- Forward step and pelvic rotation
- Upper spine rotation and upper arm swing
- Upper arm inward rotation and elbow extension
- Release
- Follow-through
What are validated developmental sequences
These are sequences of advances in the performance of a skill
A progression of steps seen as a performer acquired a skill or particular element of a motor skill
Sequences of advances in performance of a skill that have been determined by longitudinal study and shown to fall in the same fixed order for all individuals
What is a block rotation?
Everything moves all at once
E.g. upper and lower trunk
What is a homolateral step?
Side step
What is a short contralateral step
Small step
What is a long contralateral step?
A more forceful step
What are the differences between sexes in the throwing skill?
Females were behind
What are some important considerations in regards to the sex differences in throwing?
- instruction and practice may help females in their skill development
- cultural practices
- sociocultural factors
- consider the interaction of individual, task, and environmental constraints
What are some developmental changes in overarm throwing in adults?
- demonstrate moderately advanced steps
- differences between sexes (less of a gap)
- ball velocities are moderate
- musculoskeletal constraints
What happens when you switch to throwing for accuracy?
- may use lower developmental steps
- developmental steps change based on distance of throw
What skills must a kicker have?
Perceptual abilities
Eye-foot coordination
What are some characteristics of proficient kicking?
- Preparatory windup
- trunk rotates
- movement is sequential
- full ROM
- arms move in opposition to legs a
What should we look for when assessing kicking?
- placement of support foot
- ROM and pre contact extension in the kicking leg
- range of trunk motion
- arm opposition
What is a punt?
A form of kicking where an object is dropped from the individual’s handed before impact with the foot
What are some characteristics of early punting
- ball is tossed up rather than dropped
- arms drop to sides
- rigid extension of kicking leg knee
- punter often contacts ball with toes rather than instep
What are some characteristics of proficient punting?
- Arms are extended to drop ball before final stride
- arms then drop to sides and move into opposition to legs
- punter leaps onto supporting leg and swings punting leg vigorously up to make contact
- punting leg is kept (nearly) straight; toes are pointed at contact
What are some characteristics of early sidearm striking?
- chopping motion (elbow extension)
- little leg and trunk movement
What are some developmental changes in sidearm striking?
- sequences for foot and trunk in overarm throw can be used
- proficient stepping and weight transfer improve skill
- use of trunk rotation
- plane of swing progresses from vertical to horizontal
- grip changes from power grip to “shake hands” grip
What is overarm striking?
A form of striking where the arm travels above the shoulder level
- can be with or without an implement
What are some characteristics of early overarm striking?
- trunk rotation is limited
- striker swings with collapsed elbow
- there is little or no lag with swing forward
- movement looks like early throwing
What are some characteristics of proficient overarm striking?
- lower and upper trunk are rotated more than 90 degrees
- elbow is held between 90 and 119 degrees at start of forward movement
- racket lags behind arm in forward swing
- movement is sequential
