Chapter 1 Flashcards
what are the 3 characteristics of motor development
- a continuous process of change in functional capacity
- related to (but not dependent on) age
- involves sequential change
Motor development
the continuous, age-related process of change in movement as well as the interacting factors that drive these changes
Motor learning
the relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice and experience
Motor control
the neural, physical, and behavioural aspects of human movement
physical growth
quantitative increase in size or body mass
growth and development
includes change in both size and functional capacity
physical maturation
qualitative advance in biological makeup; cell, organ, or system advancement in biochemical composition
aging
process occurring with passage of time, leading to loss of adaptability or full function and eventually to death
What does the Newell model suggest
suggested that movements arise from the interactions of the organism, the environment in which the movement occurs, and the task to be undertaken
Individual constraints
a person’s unique physical and mental characteristics
what are the 2 types of individual constraints
- structural
- functional
Environmental constraints
constraints that are related to the world around us. Properties of the environment that exist outside of the body
what are the 2 types of environmental constraints
- physical
- sociocultural
task constraints
include the goal and rule structure of a particular movement or activity
When looking at motor development, how do we know it is change and not function of behaviour/having a good or bad day?
- repeatability: multiple days, multiple time periods
- sustained a skill over time
- consistency of observation: builds evidence that the skill is there
- compare to previous movement
- look at statistical events
How can we picture change?
Using a graph (developmental trajectories), time or age on the horizontal axis and behaviour on the vertical axis
Why might percentage charts be beneficial to use?
- could predict how the child may grow
- could be used by scouts in sports to choose what players they want for their teams e.g. basketball, hockey
- gather information about the individual
- looking for specific proportions
what is a longitudinal study?
- an individual or group is observed over time
- study can require lengthy observation
- very common
What is a cross sectional study?
- individuals or groups of different ages are observed
- change is inferred based on groups differences , not actually observed
What is a sequential or mixed longitudinal study?
- mini longitudinal studies with overlapping ages
- several age groups are observed at one time or over a shorter time span, permitting observation of an age span that is longer than the observational pool
- can examine cohort effects
What is a meta-analysis
- statistical technique integrates the effects observed in many studies into one more generalizable estimate of an effect
What is a review paper?
Many studies on a topic are compared and contrasted
What is universality?
Individuals in a species show great similarity in development
What is variability
Individual differences exist
