Chapter 1

Question 1

what are the 3 characteristics of motor development

Answer 1

• a continuous process of change in functional capacity
• related to (but not dependent on) age
• involves sequential change

Question 2

Motor development

Answer 2

the continuous, age-related process of change in movement as well as the interacting factors that drive these changes

Question 3

Motor learning

Answer 3

the relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice and experience

Question 4

Motor control

Answer 4

the neural, physical, and behavioural aspects of human movement

Question 5

physical growth

Answer 5

quantitative increase in size or body mass

Question 6

growth and development

Answer 6

includes change in both size and functional capacity

Question 7

physical maturation

Answer 7

qualitative advance in biological makeup; cell, organ, or system advancement in biochemical composition

Question 8

aging

Answer 8

process occurring with passage of time, leading to loss of adaptability or full function and eventually to death

Question 9

What does the Newell model suggest

Answer 9

suggested that movements arise from the interactions of the organism, the environment in which the movement occurs, and the task to be undertaken

Question 10

Individual constraints

Answer 10

a person’s unique physical and mental characteristics

Question 11

what are the 2 types of individual constraints

Answer 11

• structural
• functional

Question 12

Environmental constraints

Answer 12

constraints that are related to the world around us. Properties of the environment that exist outside of the body

Question 13

what are the 2 types of environmental constraints

Answer 13

• physical
• sociocultural

Question 14

task constraints

Answer 14

include the goal and rule structure of a particular movement or activity

Question 15

When looking at motor development, how do we know it is change and not function of behaviour/having a good or bad day?

Answer 15

• repeatability: multiple days, multiple time periods
• sustained a skill over time
• consistency of observation: builds evidence that the skill is there
• compare to previous movement
• look at statistical events

Question 16

How can we picture change?

Answer 16

Using a graph (developmental trajectories), time or age on the horizontal axis and behaviour on the vertical axis

Question 17

Why might percentage charts be beneficial to use?

Answer 17

• could predict how the child may grow
• could be used by scouts in sports to choose what players they want for their teams e.g. basketball, hockey
• gather information about the individual
• looking for specific proportions

Question 18

what is a longitudinal study?

Answer 18

• an individual or group is observed over time
• study can require lengthy observation
• very common

Question 19

What is a cross sectional study?

Answer 19

• individuals or groups of different ages are observed
• change is inferred based on groups differences , not actually observed

Question 20

What is a sequential or mixed longitudinal study?

Answer 20

• mini longitudinal studies with overlapping ages
• several age groups are observed at one time or over a shorter time span, permitting observation of an age span that is longer than the observational pool
• can examine cohort effects

Question 21

What is a meta-analysis

Answer 21

• statistical technique integrates the effects observed in many studies into one more generalizable estimate of an effect

Question 22

What is a review paper?

Answer 22

Many studies on a topic are compared and contrasted

Question 23

What is universality?

Answer 23

Individuals in a species show great similarity in development

Question 24

What is variability

Answer 24

Individual differences exist