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MARE 171 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Molluscs

Molluscs

A

animals that belong to the phylum Mollusca; one of the largest most successful groups of animals (chitons, snails, clams, octopods, squid)

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2
Q

Head-Foot

Molluscs

A

the part of the molluscan body that contains the animal’s head and a muscular foot

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3
Q

Visceral Mass

Molluscs

A

the part of the molluscan body that contains all of the organs, with the exception of the animal’s head and foot

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4
Q

Mantle

Molluscs

A

a tissue found in molluscs that is responsible for forming the shell in animals that have one and that in cephalopods functions in locomotion

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5
Q

Mantle Cavity

Molluscs

A

the space between the mantle and the mollusc’s body

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6
Q

Radula

Molluscs

A

a ribbon of tissue that contains teeth; present in all molluscs except bivalves

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7
Q

Periostracum

Molluscs

A

the outermost layer of a molluscan shell

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8
Q

Conchiolin

Molluscs

A

a protein that makes up the periostracum

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9
Q

Prismatic Layer

Molluscs

A

the middle layer of the molluscan shell and is composed of CaCO3 and protein

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10
Q

Chitons

Molluscs

A

are members of the molluscan class Polyplacophora and they have flattened bodies that are most often covered by eight shell plates
- herbivores; feed with radula

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11
Q

Scaphopods

Molluscs

A

are members of the molluscan class Scaphopoda commonly called tusk shells
- buried in sediment; feed with tentacles

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12
Q

Gastropods

Molluscs-Gastropods

A

are members of the molluscan class Gastropoda
- most shelled; single piece called Univalve
- (a) Coiled or (b) Uncoiled

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13
Q

Whorl

Gastropods

A

a turn of a gastropod shell around a central axis

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14
Q

Aperture

Gastropods

A

the opening to a gastropod shell

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15
Q

Operculum

Gastropods

A

a structure that some gastropods have for closing their aperture

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16
Q

Bulb Gland

Gastropods

A

gland located near the mouth of cone snails that produces the venom that coats the snail’s radula

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17
Q

Nudibranchs

Gastropods

A

are marine gastopods that lack a shell; Cerata: projections found on the body of nudibranchs that increase the surface area available for gas exchange

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18
Q

Gastropod Reproduction

Gastropods

A

Internal fertilization in most species; eggs laid in projective jelly-like substance
- some external fertilization

Primitive gastropods

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19
Q

Trochophore larvae

Gastropods

A

a free swimming larval stage associated with primitive gastropods that shed their eggs into the water

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20
Q

Veliger Larvae

Gastropods

A

a free-swimming larva stage characteristic of many marine gastropods

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21
Q

Hermaphroditic Limpets

Gastropods

A

Credipula
Congregate in stacked groups; male on top fertilizing eggs of female below
All start at males; change to female depending upon sex ratios – determined by Phermones:

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22
Q

Phermones

A

a hormone released into the environment by an animal, that controls the development and behavior of other animals of the same species

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23
Q

Bivalves

Mollusa-Bivalves

A

are molluscs in the class Bivalvia that have two hinged shells (Valves) covering their body - Have no head or radula; bodies are laterally compressed; shell hinged by ligaments

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24
Q

Umbo

Bivalves

A

the area around the hinge and the oldest part of a bivalve shell; grows outward

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25
Q

Adductor muscles

Bivalves

A

close the two valves of a bivalve shell

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26
Q

Inhalant opening

Bivalves

A

an opening formed by the mantle that allows water to enter the mantle cavity

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27
Q

Exhalant opening

Bivalves

A

an opening formed by the mantle that allows water to exit the mantle cavity

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28
Q

Palps

Bivalves

A

are a pair of structures, located near a bivalve’s mouth, that form a food mass from the food filtered by the bivalve and move it to the animal’s mouth

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29
Q

Siphons

Bivalves

A

tubular structures formed from a bivalve’s mantle that are fused around the incurrent and excurrent siphons

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30
Q

Byssal Threads

Bivalves

A

tough threads composed of protein

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31
Q

Bivalve Adaptations

Bivalves

A

Boring Bivalves
- Shipworms
Unattached surface dwellers
Soft-Bottom Burrowers
Attached surface dwellers

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32
Q

Cephalopods

Mollusca-Cephalopoda

A

are members of the molluscan class Cephalopoda, which includes octopods and squid

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33
Q

Nautiloids

Cephalopoda

A

cephalopods whose body is covered by a shell
produce large coiled shells composed of chambers

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34
Q

Coleoids

Cephalopoda

A

cephalopods that do not have an external shell
have 10 appendages; 8 arms and 2 tentacles; have small internal shells

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35
Q

Septa

Cephalopoda

A

partitions that separate the chambers of a nautilus shell

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36
Q

Siphuncle

Cephalopoda

A

a cord of tissue that runs through the chambers of a nautilus shell and removes seawater from new chambers as they form

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37
Q

Crop

Cephalopoda

A

a sac-like structure that stores food

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38
Q

Pen

Cephalopoda

A

a strip of hard protein that helps support the mantle

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39
Q

Sepia

Cephalopoda

A

a dark fluid produced by the ink gland of coleids; contains Melanin Deep-sea squid have white or bioluminescent Sepia

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40
Q

Melanin

Cephalopoda

A

a brown-black pigment;

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41
Q

Chromatophores

Cephalopoda

A

are pigment containing cells that function in color changes

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42
Q

Spermatophore

Cephalopoda

A

a package of sperm

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43
Q

Oviduct

A

a tube that carries eggs to the outside of the body

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44
Q

Annelids

Annelids

A

worms belonging to Phylum Annelida; bodies are divided internally and eternally into segments
Many have a Hydrostatic Skeleton

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45
Q

Hydrostatic Skeleton

Annelids

A

a means of supporting an animal’s body using fluid contained in a body compartment

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46
Q

Setae

Annelids

A

small bristles on the skin of some annelids

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47
Q

Polychaetes

Annelids-Polychaetes

A

annelid worms belonging to the class Polychaeta

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48
Q

Errant polychaetes

Polychaetes

A

polychaetes that are active movers; predators

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49
Q

Sedentary polychaetes

Polychaetes

A

are sessile polychaetes; filter/suspension feeder

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50
Q

Nonselective deposit feeders

Annelids

A

are animals that ingest both organic and mineral particles and then digest the organic material

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51
Q

Fecal casts (castings)

Annelids

A

are masses of organic material and mineral particles that are defecated by deposit feeders

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52
Q

Selective deposit feeders

Annelids

A

are animals that separate organic material from minerals and ingest only the organic material

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53
Q

Epitoky

Polychaetes

A

a type of reproduction in some polychaetes that involves the production of a reproductive individual that is adapted for a free swimming existence

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54
Q

Epitoke

Polychaetes

A

a free-swimming reproductive individual

55
Q

Swarming

Annelids

A

a behavior that brings reproductive individuals together

56
Q

Fertilizin

Polychaetes

A

a chemical released by some female epitokes that stimulates males to release sperm; stimulates females to release eggs

57
Q

Sipunculids (peanut worms

Annelids

A

are solitary nonsegmented annelid worms that belong to class Sipuncula; burrowing suspension/filter feeders

58
Q

Echiurans (Spoonworms)

Annelids

A

are sausage-shaped annelids that belong to class Echiura
- most are deposit feeders

59
Q

Pogonophorans (Beardworms)

Annelids

A

are annelids that belong to the class Pogonophora
- live in tubes in deep water; lack mouth and digestive tract – absorb directly into tentacles

60
Q

Nematodes (Roundworms)

Annelids

A

are worms that belong to the phylum Nematoda
- most numerous animals on earth
- parasitic, carnivorous, and scavengers
- important in nutrient cycling; detritus

61
Q

Arthropods

Arthropods

A

are animals with jointed appendages belonging to the phylum Arthropoda
- most successful animals; 75% of all animals

62
Q

Exoskeleton

Arthropods

A

hard exterior skeleton

63
Q

Chitin

Arthropods

A

tough polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of arthropods

64
Q

Molting

Arthropods

A

the process whereby an arthropod sheds its old exoskeleton and forms a new one

65
Q

Chelicerates

Arthropods

A

are arthropods that have a pair of oral appendages called chelicerae that function in feeding
- include horseshoe crabs, sea spiders

66
Q

Mandibulates

Arthropods

A

are arthropods that have appendages called mandibles for chewing food
- mostly crustaceans (shrimp, crab, lobster)

67
Q

Chelicerae

Arthropods

A

are appendages found in chelicerates that are modified for feeding

68
Q

Horseshoe crabs

Arthropods

A

not true crabs; chelicerates that live in shallow, coastal waters

69
Q

Cephalothorax

Arthropods

A

body region composed of a fused head and thorax

70
Q

Abdomen

Arthropods

A

body region of an animal that corresponds to its belly

71
Q

Telson

Arthropods

A

a long spike used by horseshoe crabs for steering and defense

72
Q

Sea Spiders

Arthropods

A

chelicerates found in a variety of environments; especially polar seas

73
Q

Palps

Arthropods

A

sensory structures
- four pairs of walking legs
- males carry the developing eggs in specialized appendages
- feed on cnidarians and soft-bodied inverts

74
Q

Mandibles

Arthropods

A

are appendages found in mandibulate arthropods that are modified for feeding
Some mandibulates have specialized appendages:

75
Q

Swimmerets

Arthropods

A

arthropod appendages modified for swimming

76
Q

Chelipeds

Arthropods

A

are claws

77
Q

Arthropod Molting

Arthropods

A

controlled by specific hormones produced by glands in the head
- triggered by environmental conditions

78
Q

Decapods

Arthropods-Decapods

A

are arthropods that belong to the class Decapoda; 5 pairs of walking legs
- most are predators or scavengers

79
Q

Decapod reproduction

Decapods

A

Sexes are usually separate
Males transmit sperm packaged in a spermatophore; delivered by Copulatory pleopods

80
Q

Copulatory pleopods

Decapods

A

are the anterior two pair of abdominal appendages in male decapods which are adapted for delivering spermatophores to a female

81
Q

Zoea

Decapods

A

the planktonic larval stage of some crustaceans such as crabs and mantis shrimp

82
Q

Nauplius

Decapods

A

the planktonic larval stage of some crustaceans such as shrimp and barnacles

83
Q

Stromatopoda

Decapods-Stromatopoda

A

order Mantis Shrimp
highly specialized predator
- have enlarged thoracic appendages
- can either spear or smash prey

84
Q

Euphausiacea

Decapods-Euphausiacea

A

Krill
are shrimp-like crustaceans
- filter feeders feed primarily on zooplankton
- most bioluminscent; possess a Photophore

85
Q

Photophore

Euphausiacea

A

are bioluminscent organs found in krill; used as a signal to attract other krill

86
Q

Swarms

Euphausiacea

A

large masses of krill

87
Q

Amphipods

Decopods-Amphipods

A

are crustaceans belonging to the order Amphipoda; resemble shrimp
- herbivores, detritivores, or scavengers

88
Q

Gnathopods

Amphipods

A

are special appendages, found in amphipods that are used in feeding

89
Q

Copepods

Arthropods-Copepods

A

are small planktonic crustaceans belonging to the class Copepoda
- largest group of small crustaceans
- most abundant marine zooplankton
- exhibit daily vertical migrations

90
Q

Barnacles

Arthropods-Cirripedia

A

are sessile crustaceans belonging to the class Cirripedia:attach to hard surfaces

91
Q

Cyprid larvae

Cirripedia

A

a planktonic larval stage that develops from a nauplius larva in the life cycle of a barnacle

92
Q

Arthropods as food

Arthropods

A

crustaceans are food for humans and other marine animals; copeods & krill have huge trophic impact on food web

93
Q

Arthropods as symbionts

Arthropods

A

copepods are parasitic, shrimp are mutualistic cleaners, other copepods commensals

94
Q

Arthropods as recyclers and foulers

Arthropods

A

grass shrimp (opae) feed on detritus, barnacles primary biofoulers

95
Q

Arrowworms

Chaetognatha

A

are planktonic organisms belonging to the phylum Chaetognatha
- common plankton in tropical surface waters

96
Q

Grasping spines

Chaetognatha

A

are structures on the heads of arrowworms belonging to the phylum Chaetognatha

97
Q

Echinoderms

Echinodermata

A

are animals with spiny skins belonging to the phylum Echinodermata

98
Q

Endoskeleton

Echinodermata

A

an internal skeleton

99
Q

Ossicles

Echinodermata

A

are plates of carbon that make up the echinoderm skeleton

100
Q

Pedicellariae

Echinodermata

A

are pincer-like structures found on the skin of echinoderms

101
Q

Water vascular system

Echinodermata

A

a system of tubes found in the body of echinoderms through the body and functions in locomotion, feeding, gas exchange, and excretion

102
Q

Madreporite

Echinodermata

A

the site at which water enters the vascular system of echinoderms

103
Q

Podia

Echinodermata

A

tube feet

104
Q

Ambulacral groove

Echinodermata

A

the groove in which the podia are located

105
Q

Sea Stars (class Asteroidea)

Echinodermata-Asteroidea

A

Arboreal surface: the side opposite the mouth in an echinoderm
Many sea stars can regenerate rays and an entire individual if part of the central disc is present

106
Q

Arboreal surface

Echinodermata

A

the side opposite the mouth in an echinoderm

107
Q

Ophiuroids

Echinodermata-Ophiuroidea

A

are echinoderms belonging to the class Ophiuroidea
- greatest number of echinoderm species
- brittle stars, basket stars, serpent stars
- 5 arms, defined central disk

108
Q

Automize

Ophiuroidea

A

is to cast off a body part
- if break is beyond the point of the disk it can be regenerated

109
Q

Echinoids

Echinodermata-Echinoidea

A

are echinoderms belonging to the class Echinoidea
- Sea urchins, Heart urchins, Sand dollars

110
Q

Regular echinoids

Echinoidea

A

are echinoids with spherical bodies, commonly referred to as sea urchins

111
Q

Irregular echinoids

Echinoidea

A

are echinoids whose bodies are not spherical
- heart urchins, sand dollars

112
Q

Aristotle’s Lantern

Echinoidea

A

a feeding structure formed from the five teeth of a sea urchin

113
Q

Sea Cucumbers

Echinodermata-Holothuroidea

A

class Holothuroidea

114
Q

Respiratory tree

Holothuroidea

A

is a system of tubules in a sea cucumber that functions in gas exchange

115
Q

Oral tentacles

Holothuroidea

A

are modified tube feet located around the mouth of a sea cucumber that function in feeding

116
Q

Cuvierian tubules

Holothuroidea

A

are sticky tubules ejected from the anus of some sea cucumbers that function in defense

117
Q

Eviscerate

Holothuroidea

A

to release internal organs through the anus or the mouth

118
Q

Crinoids

Echinodermata-Crinoidea

A

are echinoderms belonging to the class Crinoidea; sea lillies & feather stars

119
Q

Cirri

Crinoidea

A

are hook-like structures on feather stars used for clinging to hard substrates

120
Q

Ecological Roles of Echinoderms

Echinodermata

A
  • food for humans and animals
  • poison produced by cucumbers & urchins
121
Q

Roe

Echinodermata

A

are an organism’s ovaries and eggs

122
Q

Holothurin

Holothuroidea

A

a toxic substance produced by sea cucumbers

123
Q

Hemichordates (Acorn worms)

A

are worm-like animals belonging to the phylum Hemichordata; sessile bottom dwellers
- once classified with chordates

124
Q

Chordates (4 chordate
traits)

A

are animals that belong to the phylum Chordata and, at some time in their life cycle, possess a notochord, pharyngeal gills slits, a postanal tail, and a dorsal, hollow nerve tube

125
Q

Notochord

A

is a rod-shaped structure that forms the axial skeleton of chordates some time in their life cycle

126
Q

Pharyngeal gill slits

A

are slit-like openings found in the neck of a chordate some time in its life cycle

127
Q

Postanal tail

A

is a tail that extends past the digestive tract

128
Q

Dorsal hollow nerve tube

A

is a neural structure found in chordates some time in their life cycle

129
Q

Tunicates

A

are chordate animals belonging to the subphylum Urochordata

130
Q

Tunic

A

body covering of urochordates

131
Q

Sea squirts (class Ascidiacea)

A

tunicates

132
Q

Salps (class Thaliacea)

A

are free-swimming urochordates that belong to class Thaliacea

133
Q

Larvaceans (class Larvacea)

A

are free-swimming urochordates that belong to class Larvacea

134
Q

Cephalochordates (subphylum Cephalochordata)

A

are fish-like chordates that belong to the subphyum Cephalochordata

MARE 171 (10 decks)

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