Chapter 9 Flashcards
Molluscs
Molluscs
animals that belong to the phylum Mollusca; one of the largest most successful groups of animals (chitons, snails, clams, octopods, squid)
Head-Foot
Molluscs
the part of the molluscan body that contains the animal’s head and a muscular foot
Visceral Mass
Molluscs
the part of the molluscan body that contains all of the organs, with the exception of the animal’s head and foot
Mantle
Molluscs
a tissue found in molluscs that is responsible for forming the shell in animals that have one and that in cephalopods functions in locomotion
Mantle Cavity
Molluscs
the space between the mantle and the mollusc’s body
Radula
Molluscs
a ribbon of tissue that contains teeth; present in all molluscs except bivalves
Periostracum
Molluscs
the outermost layer of a molluscan shell
Conchiolin
Molluscs
a protein that makes up the periostracum
Prismatic Layer
Molluscs
the middle layer of the molluscan shell and is composed of CaCO3 and protein
Chitons
Molluscs
are members of the molluscan class Polyplacophora and they have flattened bodies that are most often covered by eight shell plates
- herbivores; feed with radula
Scaphopods
Molluscs
are members of the molluscan class Scaphopoda commonly called tusk shells
- buried in sediment; feed with tentacles
Gastropods
Molluscs-Gastropods
are members of the molluscan class Gastropoda
- most shelled; single piece called Univalve
- (a) Coiled or (b) Uncoiled
Whorl
Gastropods
a turn of a gastropod shell around a central axis
Aperture
Gastropods
the opening to a gastropod shell
Operculum
Gastropods
a structure that some gastropods have for closing their aperture
Bulb Gland
Gastropods
gland located near the mouth of cone snails that produces the venom that coats the snail’s radula
Nudibranchs
Gastropods
are marine gastopods that lack a shell; Cerata: projections found on the body of nudibranchs that increase the surface area available for gas exchange
Gastropod Reproduction
Gastropods
Internal fertilization in most species; eggs laid in projective jelly-like substance
- some external fertilization
Primitive gastropods
Trochophore larvae
Gastropods
a free swimming larval stage associated with primitive gastropods that shed their eggs into the water
Veliger Larvae
Gastropods
a free-swimming larva stage characteristic of many marine gastropods
Hermaphroditic Limpets
Gastropods
Credipula
Congregate in stacked groups; male on top fertilizing eggs of female below
All start at males; change to female depending upon sex ratios – determined by Phermones:
Phermones
a hormone released into the environment by an animal, that controls the development and behavior of other animals of the same species
Bivalves
Mollusa-Bivalves
are molluscs in the class Bivalvia that have two hinged shells (Valves) covering their body - Have no head or radula; bodies are laterally compressed; shell hinged by ligaments
Umbo
Bivalves
the area around the hinge and the oldest part of a bivalve shell; grows outward
Adductor muscles
Bivalves
close the two valves of a bivalve shell
Inhalant opening
Bivalves
an opening formed by the mantle that allows water to enter the mantle cavity
Exhalant opening
Bivalves
an opening formed by the mantle that allows water to exit the mantle cavity
Palps
Bivalves
are a pair of structures, located near a bivalve’s mouth, that form a food mass from the food filtered by the bivalve and move it to the animal’s mouth
Siphons
Bivalves
tubular structures formed from a bivalve’s mantle that are fused around the incurrent and excurrent siphons
Byssal Threads
Bivalves
tough threads composed of protein
Bivalve Adaptations
Bivalves
Boring Bivalves
- Shipworms
Unattached surface dwellers
Soft-Bottom Burrowers
Attached surface dwellers
Cephalopods
Mollusca-Cephalopoda
are members of the molluscan class Cephalopoda, which includes octopods and squid
Nautiloids
Cephalopoda
cephalopods whose body is covered by a shell
produce large coiled shells composed of chambers
Coleoids
Cephalopoda
cephalopods that do not have an external shell
have 10 appendages; 8 arms and 2 tentacles; have small internal shells
Septa
Cephalopoda
partitions that separate the chambers of a nautilus shell
Siphuncle
Cephalopoda
a cord of tissue that runs through the chambers of a nautilus shell and removes seawater from new chambers as they form
Crop
Cephalopoda
a sac-like structure that stores food
Pen
Cephalopoda
a strip of hard protein that helps support the mantle
Sepia
Cephalopoda
a dark fluid produced by the ink gland of coleids; contains Melanin Deep-sea squid have white or bioluminescent Sepia
Melanin
Cephalopoda
a brown-black pigment;
Chromatophores
Cephalopoda
are pigment containing cells that function in color changes
Spermatophore
Cephalopoda
a package of sperm
Oviduct
a tube that carries eggs to the outside of the body
Annelids
Annelids
worms belonging to Phylum Annelida; bodies are divided internally and eternally into segments
Many have a Hydrostatic Skeleton
Hydrostatic Skeleton
Annelids
a means of supporting an animal’s body using fluid contained in a body compartment
Setae
Annelids
small bristles on the skin of some annelids
Polychaetes
Annelids-Polychaetes
annelid worms belonging to the class Polychaeta
Errant polychaetes
Polychaetes
polychaetes that are active movers; predators
Sedentary polychaetes
Polychaetes
are sessile polychaetes; filter/suspension feeder
Nonselective deposit feeders
Annelids
are animals that ingest both organic and mineral particles and then digest the organic material
Fecal casts (castings)
Annelids
are masses of organic material and mineral particles that are defecated by deposit feeders
Selective deposit feeders
Annelids
are animals that separate organic material from minerals and ingest only the organic material
Epitoky
Polychaetes
a type of reproduction in some polychaetes that involves the production of a reproductive individual that is adapted for a free swimming existence
Epitoke
Polychaetes
a free-swimming reproductive individual
Swarming
Annelids
a behavior that brings reproductive individuals together
Fertilizin
Polychaetes
a chemical released by some female epitokes that stimulates males to release sperm; stimulates females to release eggs
Sipunculids (peanut worms
Annelids
are solitary nonsegmented annelid worms that belong to class Sipuncula; burrowing suspension/filter feeders
Echiurans (Spoonworms)
Annelids
are sausage-shaped annelids that belong to class Echiura
- most are deposit feeders
Pogonophorans (Beardworms)
Annelids
are annelids that belong to the class Pogonophora
- live in tubes in deep water; lack mouth and digestive tract – absorb directly into tentacles
Nematodes (Roundworms)
Annelids
are worms that belong to the phylum Nematoda
- most numerous animals on earth
- parasitic, carnivorous, and scavengers
- important in nutrient cycling; detritus
Arthropods
Arthropods
are animals with jointed appendages belonging to the phylum Arthropoda
- most successful animals; 75% of all animals
Exoskeleton
Arthropods
hard exterior skeleton
Chitin
Arthropods
tough polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of arthropods
Molting
Arthropods
the process whereby an arthropod sheds its old exoskeleton and forms a new one
Chelicerates
Arthropods
are arthropods that have a pair of oral appendages called chelicerae that function in feeding
- include horseshoe crabs, sea spiders
Mandibulates
Arthropods
are arthropods that have appendages called mandibles for chewing food
- mostly crustaceans (shrimp, crab, lobster)
Chelicerae
Arthropods
are appendages found in chelicerates that are modified for feeding
Horseshoe crabs
Arthropods
not true crabs; chelicerates that live in shallow, coastal waters
Cephalothorax
Arthropods
body region composed of a fused head and thorax
Abdomen
Arthropods
body region of an animal that corresponds to its belly
Telson
Arthropods
a long spike used by horseshoe crabs for steering and defense
Sea Spiders
Arthropods
chelicerates found in a variety of environments; especially polar seas
Palps
Arthropods
sensory structures
- four pairs of walking legs
- males carry the developing eggs in specialized appendages
- feed on cnidarians and soft-bodied inverts
Mandibles
Arthropods
are appendages found in mandibulate arthropods that are modified for feeding
Some mandibulates have specialized appendages:
Swimmerets
Arthropods
arthropod appendages modified for swimming
Chelipeds
Arthropods
are claws
Arthropod Molting
Arthropods
controlled by specific hormones produced by glands in the head
- triggered by environmental conditions
Decapods
Arthropods-Decapods
are arthropods that belong to the class Decapoda; 5 pairs of walking legs
- most are predators or scavengers
Decapod reproduction
Decapods
Sexes are usually separate
Males transmit sperm packaged in a spermatophore; delivered by Copulatory pleopods
Copulatory pleopods
Decapods
are the anterior two pair of abdominal appendages in male decapods which are adapted for delivering spermatophores to a female
Zoea
Decapods
the planktonic larval stage of some crustaceans such as crabs and mantis shrimp
Nauplius
Decapods
the planktonic larval stage of some crustaceans such as shrimp and barnacles
Stromatopoda
Decapods-Stromatopoda
order Mantis Shrimp
highly specialized predator
- have enlarged thoracic appendages
- can either spear or smash prey
Euphausiacea
Decapods-Euphausiacea
Krill
are shrimp-like crustaceans
- filter feeders feed primarily on zooplankton
- most bioluminscent; possess a Photophore
Photophore
Euphausiacea
are bioluminscent organs found in krill; used as a signal to attract other krill
Swarms
Euphausiacea
large masses of krill
Amphipods
Decopods-Amphipods
are crustaceans belonging to the order Amphipoda; resemble shrimp
- herbivores, detritivores, or scavengers
Gnathopods
Amphipods
are special appendages, found in amphipods that are used in feeding
Copepods
Arthropods-Copepods
are small planktonic crustaceans belonging to the class Copepoda
- largest group of small crustaceans
- most abundant marine zooplankton
- exhibit daily vertical migrations
Barnacles
Arthropods-Cirripedia
are sessile crustaceans belonging to the class Cirripedia:attach to hard surfaces
Cyprid larvae
Cirripedia
a planktonic larval stage that develops from a nauplius larva in the life cycle of a barnacle
Arthropods as food
Arthropods
crustaceans are food for humans and other marine animals; copeods & krill have huge trophic impact on food web
Arthropods as symbionts
Arthropods
copepods are parasitic, shrimp are mutualistic cleaners, other copepods commensals
Arthropods as recyclers and foulers
Arthropods
grass shrimp (opae) feed on detritus, barnacles primary biofoulers
Arrowworms
Chaetognatha
are planktonic organisms belonging to the phylum Chaetognatha
- common plankton in tropical surface waters
Grasping spines
Chaetognatha
are structures on the heads of arrowworms belonging to the phylum Chaetognatha
Echinoderms
Echinodermata
are animals with spiny skins belonging to the phylum Echinodermata
Endoskeleton
Echinodermata
an internal skeleton
Ossicles
Echinodermata
are plates of carbon that make up the echinoderm skeleton
Pedicellariae
Echinodermata
are pincer-like structures found on the skin of echinoderms
Water vascular system
Echinodermata
a system of tubes found in the body of echinoderms through the body and functions in locomotion, feeding, gas exchange, and excretion
Madreporite
Echinodermata
the site at which water enters the vascular system of echinoderms
Podia
Echinodermata
tube feet
Ambulacral groove
Echinodermata
the groove in which the podia are located
Sea Stars (class Asteroidea)
Echinodermata-Asteroidea
Arboreal surface: the side opposite the mouth in an echinoderm
Many sea stars can regenerate rays and an entire individual if part of the central disc is present
Arboreal surface
Echinodermata
the side opposite the mouth in an echinoderm
Ophiuroids
Echinodermata-Ophiuroidea
are echinoderms belonging to the class Ophiuroidea
- greatest number of echinoderm species
- brittle stars, basket stars, serpent stars
- 5 arms, defined central disk
Automize
Ophiuroidea
is to cast off a body part
- if break is beyond the point of the disk it can be regenerated
Echinoids
Echinodermata-Echinoidea
are echinoderms belonging to the class Echinoidea
- Sea urchins, Heart urchins, Sand dollars
Regular echinoids
Echinoidea
are echinoids with spherical bodies, commonly referred to as sea urchins
Irregular echinoids
Echinoidea
are echinoids whose bodies are not spherical
- heart urchins, sand dollars
Aristotle’s Lantern
Echinoidea
a feeding structure formed from the five teeth of a sea urchin
Sea Cucumbers
Echinodermata-Holothuroidea
class Holothuroidea
Respiratory tree
Holothuroidea
is a system of tubules in a sea cucumber that functions in gas exchange
Oral tentacles
Holothuroidea
are modified tube feet located around the mouth of a sea cucumber that function in feeding
Cuvierian tubules
Holothuroidea
are sticky tubules ejected from the anus of some sea cucumbers that function in defense
Eviscerate
Holothuroidea
to release internal organs through the anus or the mouth
Crinoids
Echinodermata-Crinoidea
are echinoderms belonging to the class Crinoidea; sea lillies & feather stars
Cirri
Crinoidea
are hook-like structures on feather stars used for clinging to hard substrates
Ecological Roles of Echinoderms
Echinodermata
- food for humans and animals
- poison produced by cucumbers & urchins
Roe
Echinodermata
are an organism’s ovaries and eggs
Holothurin
Holothuroidea
a toxic substance produced by sea cucumbers
Hemichordates (Acorn worms)
are worm-like animals belonging to the phylum Hemichordata; sessile bottom dwellers
- once classified with chordates
Chordates (4 chordate
traits)
are animals that belong to the phylum Chordata and, at some time in their life cycle, possess a notochord, pharyngeal gills slits, a postanal tail, and a dorsal, hollow nerve tube
Notochord
is a rod-shaped structure that forms the axial skeleton of chordates some time in their life cycle
Pharyngeal gill slits
are slit-like openings found in the neck of a chordate some time in its life cycle
Postanal tail
is a tail that extends past the digestive tract
Dorsal hollow nerve tube
is a neural structure found in chordates some time in their life cycle
Tunicates
are chordate animals belonging to the subphylum Urochordata
Tunic
body covering of urochordates
Sea squirts (class Ascidiacea)
tunicates
Salps (class Thaliacea)
are free-swimming urochordates that belong to class Thaliacea
Larvaceans (class Larvacea)
are free-swimming urochordates that belong to class Larvacea
Cephalochordates (subphylum Cephalochordata)
are fish-like chordates that belong to the subphyum Cephalochordata
