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MARE 171 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Marine Microbes

A

organisms too small to examine with the naked eye; including viruses, one-celled organisms, and fungi

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2
Q

Belong to three Domains

A

Eubacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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3
Q

Virology

Viruses

A

Virology: study of viruses
Greater abundance than any other organism in the sea including:
Diversity
Significance in
marine food webs
3) Population biology
4) Disease

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4
Q

Viruses

Viruses

A

Many consider viruses non-living; bits of DNA & RNA surrounded by proteins; no metabolism

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5
Q

Viral Replication

Viruses

A

Rely on host cells for: energy, material, and organelles to duplicate

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6
Q

Virologists

Viruses

A

scientists who studies viruses
Two Hypotheses on origin:
Highly reduced prokaryotic cells
Renegade genes

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7
Q

Pathogens

A

a microbe that causes disease or mortality

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8
Q

Bacteriophage

Viruses

A

a virus that infects a bacterium; “phage – eater of bacteria”

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9
Q

Virion

Viruses

A

infective viral particle released by a host cell

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10
Q

Capsid

Viruses

A

Composed of nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by an outer protein coat

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11
Q

Nucleocapsid

Viruses

A

combined capsid and the core of nucleic acids of a virion

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12
Q

Envelope

Viruses

A

membrane derived from the hosts nuclear or cell membrane (coat)

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13
Q

Icosahedral

Viruses

A

Capsid with 20 triangular faces

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14
Q

Helical

Viruses

A

Capsid spirals around the core

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15
Q

Binal

Viruses

A

Icosahedral heads and helical tails

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16
Q

Lytic Cycle

Viruses

A

a virus has no dormant phase in the host before initiating viral replication

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17
Q

Lysogenic Cycle

Viruses

A

a virus remains dormant in the host cell awhile before initiating replication

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18
Q

Viral Abundance

Viruses

A

10^10 (10B) virons per Liter in surface waters
10^13 (10T) virons per Kg in sediment

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19
Q

Viral Population control

Viruses

A

Control plankton blooms
Alter Biogeochemical Cycles
Alter Food Webs
Causes Sedimentation of particles

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20
Q

Seston

Viruses

A

particles, living or dead, that are suspended in seawater

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21
Q

Value of Seston

Viruses

A

Viruses become adsorbed onto seston and rendered non-infective

Seston act like a charcoal filter; removing active viral material from the water column

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22
Q

Marine Bacteria

Bacteria

A

Belong to Domain Eubacteria and are:
Primary producers
Decomposers
Agents in Biogeochemical cycles
Food for Marine Inhabitants
Modifiers of Marine Sediments
Symbionts
Pathogens

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23
Q

Bacteria

Bacteria

A

Simple prokaryotic cells
- Lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles
- Single chromosome of DNA
Reproduce asexually by

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24
Q

Binary Fission

Bacteria

A

one cell splits
into two after the original cell
has duplicated its genetic
material

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25
Q

Bacillus

Bacteria

A

Rod shaped bacteria

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26
Q

Coccus

Bacteria

A

Spherical bacteria

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27
Q

Spirillus

Bacteria

A

corkscrew shaped
Bacteria; rarest

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28
Q

Actinobacteria

Bacteria

A

fungi-like
bacteria found in marine
sediments

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29
Q

Autotrophs

Bacteria

A

Energy from sunlight

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30
Q

Chemoautotrophs

Bacteria

A

Energy from chemicals

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31
Q

Osmotrophy

Bacteria

A

type of heterotrophy where absorption of small organic molecules from the external medium across the cell membrane

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32
Q

Exoenzymes

Bacteria

A

enzyme released by osmotrophic microbes for external digestion

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32
Q

Cyanobacteria (blue-green bacteria/algae

Cyanobacteria

A

Photosynthetic prokaryotes that have chlorophyll a & b and release oxygen as a by-product of their photosynthesis
- store excess energy as cyanophycean starch single cells, colonies, or mats

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32
Q

Chlorophyll a

Cyanobacteria

A

the most common photosynthetic pigment of autotrophs; absorbs primarily violet and red light

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33
Q

Chlorophyll b

Cyanobacteria

A

a primary photosynthetic pigment found in few microbes, green algae, and all plants; absorbs primarily blue and red light

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34
Q

Carotenoids

Cyanobacteria

A

a class of accessory pigments that absorb blue light and protect chlorophylls from damage

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35
Q

Beta-carotene

Cyanobacteria

A

a yellow or orange carotenoid pigment

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36
Q

Xanthophylls

Cyanobacteria

A

a carotenoid pigment that confer a yellow or brown hue in some organisms

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37
Q

Phycobilins

Cyanobacteria

A

a class of accessory pigments that capture wavelengths less used by chlorophylls and transfer energy to them

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38
Q

Phycoerythrin

Cyanobacteria

A

a red phycobilin that absorbs green light

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39
Q

Phycocyanin

Cyanobacteria

A

a blue phycobilin that absorbs orange light

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40
Q

Mucilage

Cyanobacteria

A

gelatinous secretion of algal cells for attachment of cells and their protection

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41
Q

Stromatolite

Bacteria

A

a coral-like community of microbes that form a thin layer of living cells and filaments over an accumulated mass of dead stony material

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42
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

Archaea

A

thrives only in absence of oxygen (e.g. Sulfur bacteria)

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43
Q

Facultative Anaerobe

Archaea

A

thrives in the presence or absence of oxygen; photosynthesize in presence of light (e.g. Nonsulfur bacteria)

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44
Q

Bacteriophylls

Archaea

A

a class of primary photosynthetic pigments that do not release O2

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45
Q

Chemosynthetic Bacteria

Archaea

A

can form organic molecules from inorganic molecules using other chemicals rather than sunlight as a source of energy

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46
Q

Heterotrophic Bacteria

Bacteria

A

decomposers; use surrounding organic matter for materials and energy - release exoenzymes to digest natural molecules resistant to decay (e.g. cellulose)

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47
Q

Consolidation

Bacteria

A

the aggregation of suspended particles in seawater by bacteria

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48
Q

Lithification

Bacteria

A

the conversion of consolidated particles into a solid mass with mineral cement

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49
Q

Sedimentation

Bacteria

A

the settlement of water particles from suspension in water

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50
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

Bacteria

A

conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium ion

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51
Q

Nitrogenase

Bacteria

A

an enzyme used to “fix” nitrogen by breaking the strong molecular bond between atoms of nitrogen is the molecule of nitrogen gas; takes place in the

52
Q

Heterocyst

Cyanobacteria

A

specialized cell in which conditions favorable for nitrogen fixation are maintained
-in cyanobacteria

53
Q

Symbiotic Bacteria

Endosymbiosis

A

Many bacteria have evolved symbiotic relationships with other marine organisms

54
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory:

Endosymbiosis

A

the body of evidence supporting the idea that some one-celled organisms have evolved by the incorporation of other one-celled organisms or their organelles into the host cell (e.g. – plastids, mitochondria, hydrogenosomes

55
Q

Eukarya

Endosymbiosis

A

domain that contains all organisms with eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, fungi)

56
Q

Phagocytosis

A

a cell engulfs a particle by inwardly folding and separation of the cell membrane to form a vacuole

57
Q

Plastids

Endosymbiosis

A

: an organelle in eukaryotic cell derived originally by endosymbiosis with a cyanobacterium (e.g. – chloroplasts)

58
Q

Endosymbiont

Endosymbiosis

A

guest organism or organelle that lives within a host organism or cell

59
Q

Hydrogen Hypothesis

Endosymbiosis

A

a concept on the origin of eukaryotic cells that postulates an endosymbiotic relationship between a host archaeon that needed hydrogen for chemosynthesis and a guest bacterium that released hydrogen and became a mitochondrion

60
Q

Plastid Endosymbiosis

Endosymbiosis

A

evolutionary process by which a heterotrophic host cell gains the ability to photosynthesize from a photoautotrophic guest cell

61
Q

Deep-sea Vent community

Archaea

A

a community of marine organisms that depend upon the specialized environment found at divergence zones in the ocean floor

62
Q

Chemosynthetic Bacteria

Archaea

A

can form organic molecules from inorganic molecules using other chemicals rather than sunlight as a source of energy

63
Q

Bioluminescent Bacteria

Bacteria

A

capable of emitting blue-green or yellow light using chemical energy

64
Q

Photophores

Bacteria

A

an organ in some organisms that produces bioluminescence; contain cultures of luminescent bacteria

65
Q

Archaea

Archaea

A

Domain that contains Archaeons which were formerly considered to be bacteria

66
Q

Archaeons

Archaea

A

differ from bacteria in the biochemistry, genetic makeup, ability to produce methane, and tolerance of extreme environmental conditions

67
Q

Three basic types or Archaeons

Archaea

A

Methanogens, Halobacteria, Hyperthermophiles

68
Q

Methanogen

Archaea

A

an archaeon that produces methane in its metabolism; are chemosynthetic and use hydrogen for energy

69
Q

Halobacteria

Archaea

A

an archaeon that require high concentrations of salt where they live; are

70
Q

Halophiles

Archaea

A

an organism grows and reproduces best in the presence of salt

71
Q

Bacteriorhodopsins (purple proteins)

Archaea

A

light-capturing protein that produces ATP in halobacteria

72
Q

Hyperthermophiles

Archaea

A

a microbe that grows and reproduces best at temperatures exceeding 100°C; live in deep-sea hydrothermal hot vents

73
Q

Chemosynthetic

Archaea

A

uses carbon dioxide and hydrogen to produce organic compounds

74
Q

Eukarya

Eukarya

A

domain that contains all organisms with eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, fungi)

75
Q

Phagocytosis

Eukarya

A

a cell engulfs a particle by inwardly folding and separation of the cell membrane to form a vacuole

76
Q

Fungi

Fungi

A

<1% of known species are marine

77
Q

Mycologist

Fungi

A

scientist who studies fungi

78
Q

Mycology

Fungi

A

the study of fungi

79
Q

Aspergillosis

Fungi

A

a fungal disease caused by genus Aspergillus

80
Q

Yeast

Fungi

A

single-celled fungus

81
Q

Filamentous fungus

Fungi

A

consists of long thread-like masses called Hypha which produce a tangled mass

82
Q

Mycelium

Fungi

A

body of a fungus

83
Q

Budding

Fungi

A

asexual reproduction in which two individuals are produced by unequal division of the adult

84
Q

Conidiospore

Fungi

A

an asexually produced dispersal stage in the life cycle of a fungus

85
Q

Fruiting body

Fungi

A

a sexually reproductive structure of a fungus

86
Q

Ascocarp

Fungi

A

the fruiting body of an ascomycote fungus

87
Q

Ascus

Fungi

A

one component of an ascocarp that produces 4 to 8 spores

88
Q

Lichens

Fungi

A

mutualistic associations between a fungus and an algae
Fungus: ascomycotes Algae: green algae

89
Q

Stramenopiles

Stramenopiles

A

a group of organisms that includes diatoms and have specialized flagella

90
Q

Mastigonemes

Stramenopiles

A

Hair-like filaments that
extend from the shaft
of some flagella

91
Q

Ochrophytes

Stramenopiles

A

photosynthetic stramenopiles; store energy as a specialized starch called
Laminarin

92
Q

Secondary plastid endosymbiosis

Endosymbiosis

A

the condition in which an ancestor became host to a red algal cell that became the hosts plastid

93
Q

Diatoms

Diatoms-Stramenopiles

A

one of the most distinctive marine phytoplankton;>45% ocean primary production

94
Q

Frustule

Diatoms

A

two-part cell wall of a diatom

95
Q

Valve

Diatoms

A

is one part of the diatom frustule

96
Q

Centric Diatom

Diatoms

A

has radially symmetrical valves; pelagic

97
Q

Pennate Diatom

Diatoms

A

has bilaterally symmetrical valves; benthic

98
Q

Raphe

Diatoms

A

slit along the valve by which some pennate diatoms move along surfaces. Pennate diatoms secrete mucilage through it.

99
Q

Silicoflagellates

Stramenopiles

A

are planktonic marine plankton that are both photosynthetic and heterotrophic
Internal silica skeletons are composed of a network of bars; propel themselves with one long eukaryotic flagellum, or Undulipodium

100
Q

Labyrinthomorphs

Stramenopiles

A

heterotrophic stramenopiles that are decomposers and pathogens

101
Q

Haptophytes

Haptophytes

A

a group of eukaryotic microbes that possess a Haptonema

102
Q

Haptonema

Haptophytes

A

a rod-like organelle that projects between the two flagella of haptophytes and is used to capture prey (Coccolithophores)

103
Q

Coccolithophores

Haptophytes

A

photosynthetic haptophytes with the cell surface covered by calcareous scales called Coccoliths

104
Q

Alveolates

Alveolates

A

a group of microbes with membranous sacs (Alveoli) beneath the cell membrane; include dinoflagellates and cilliates

105
Q

Pellicle

Alveolates

A

the complex of alveoli and the cell membrane in alveolates

106
Q

Dinoflagellates

Alveolates-Dinoflagellates

A

an alveolate with cellulose in its alveoli and with two heterokont flagella for locomotion
90% are marine: planktonic and benthic, some symbiotic, parasitic, zooxanthelle and bioluminescent
Dominate warm-temperate waters

107
Q

Dinosporin

Dinoflagellates

A

a decay-resistant
chemical in the cellulose
of dinoflagellates

108
Q

Cingulum

Dinoflagellates

A

horizontal groove in the middle of a dinoflagellate; contains shorter flagellum

109
Q

Sulcus

Dinoflagellates

A

the longitudinal groove on the surface of a dinoflagellate that extends from the cingulum; contains longer flagellum

110
Q

Unarmored/Naked dinoflagellate (Athecate)

Dinoflagellates

A

has a few thin layers of cellulose in its alveoli; giving the appearance of having no protective cell covering

111
Q

Armored dinoflagellate (Thecate)

Dinoflagellates

A

has many layers of cellulose in its alveoli giving the appearance of having a protective cell covering

112
Q

Phagotrophy

Eukarya

A

a mode of nutrition by which one organism eats another either by phagocytosis or by taking into the mouth

113
Q

Ciliates

Cilliates

A

a group of alveolates that use cilia for locomotion and feeding

114
Q

Membranelles

Cilliates

A

ribbon-shaped or tufted arrangements of cilia that increase the effectiveness of locomotion and feeding

115
Q

Cytostome

Ciliates

A

organelle in a ciliate where phagocytosis occurs

116
Q

Lorica

Ciliates

A

: loosely fitting
external covering

117
Q

Micronucleus

Ciliates

A

smaller nucleus of a ciliate, holds one set of chromosomes for inheritance by the next generation

118
Q

Macronucleus

Ciliates

A

larger nucleus of a ciliate, holds many sets of chromosomes, and plays a role in metabolism of the cell

119
Q

Conjugation

Ciliates

A

sexual reproduction that involves the exchange of nuclei between fused cells

120
Q

Choanoflagellates

Choanoflagellates

A

a group of microbes that filter suspended particles through a specialized collar surrounding the flagellum (sponge cells)

121
Q

Microvillus

Choanoflagellates

A

one of many short, hair-like extensions that form the collar of choanoflagellates

122
Q

Amoeboid Protozoans

Amoeboid Protozoans

A

a group of microbes characterized by a Pseudopod

123
Q

Pseudopod

Amoeboid Protozoans

A

a finger-like projection of cytoplasm and membrane that functions in both locomotion and feeding in amoeboid protozoans

124
Q

Test

Amoeboid Protozoans

A

external
skeleton of an
amoeboid
protozoan

125
Q

Foraminiferan

Amoeboid Protozoans-Foraminiferans

A

is an amoeboid marine protozoan with specialized pseudopods and a calcareous test

126
Q

Reticulopod

Amoeboid Protozoans-Foraminiferans

A

a pseudopod of foraminiferans with branches that interconnect to form a net for the capture of particles

127
Q

Radiolarians

Amoeboid Protozoans-Radiolarians

A

an amoeboid marine protozoan with specialized, needle-like pseudopods (Actinopods) and a skeleton of silica

128
Q

Capsule

Amoeboid Protozoans-Radiolarians

A

an external organic layer in radiolarians that separates the inner
nuclear region from the outer region

129
Q

Calymma

Amoeboid Protozoans-Radiolarians

A

vacuolated outermost
cytoplasm of a radiolarian; formed
by actinopods passing through
the capsule

MARE 171 (10 decks)

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