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MARE 171 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Marine Microbes

A

organisms too small to examine with the naked eye; including viruses, one-celled organisms, and fungi

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2
Q

Belong to three Domains

A

Eubacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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3
Q

Virology

Viruses

A

Virology: study of viruses
Greater abundance than any other organism in the sea including:
Diversity
Significance in
marine food webs
3) Population biology
4) Disease

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4
Q

Viruses

Viruses

A

Many consider viruses non-living; bits of DNA & RNA surrounded by proteins; no metabolism

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5
Q

Viral Replication

Viruses

A

Rely on host cells for: energy, material, and organelles to duplicate

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6
Q

Virologists

Viruses

A

scientists who studies viruses
Two Hypotheses on origin:
Highly reduced prokaryotic cells
Renegade genes

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7
Q

Pathogens

A

a microbe that causes disease or mortality

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8
Q

Bacteriophage

Viruses

A

a virus that infects a bacterium; “phage – eater of bacteria”

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9
Q

Virion

Viruses

A

infective viral particle released by a host cell

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10
Q

Capsid

Viruses

A

Composed of nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by an outer protein coat

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11
Q

Nucleocapsid

Viruses

A

combined capsid and the core of nucleic acids of a virion

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12
Q

Envelope

Viruses

A

membrane derived from the hosts nuclear or cell membrane (coat)

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13
Q

Icosahedral

Viruses

A

Capsid with 20 triangular faces

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14
Q

Helical

Viruses

A

Capsid spirals around the core

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15
Q

Binal

Viruses

A

Icosahedral heads and helical tails

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16
Q

Lytic Cycle

Viruses

A

a virus has no dormant phase in the host before initiating viral replication

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17
Q

Lysogenic Cycle

Viruses

A

a virus remains dormant in the host cell awhile before initiating replication

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18
Q

Viral Abundance

Viruses

A

10^10 (10B) virons per Liter in surface waters
10^13 (10T) virons per Kg in sediment

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19
Q

Viral Population control

Viruses

A

Control plankton blooms
Alter Biogeochemical Cycles
Alter Food Webs
Causes Sedimentation of particles

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20
Q

Seston

Viruses

A

particles, living or dead, that are suspended in seawater

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21
Q

Value of Seston

Viruses

A

Viruses become adsorbed onto seston and rendered non-infective

Seston act like a charcoal filter; removing active viral material from the water column

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22
Q

Marine Bacteria

Bacteria

A

Belong to Domain Eubacteria and are:
Primary producers
Decomposers
Agents in Biogeochemical cycles
Food for Marine Inhabitants
Modifiers of Marine Sediments
Symbionts
Pathogens

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23
Q

Bacteria

Bacteria

A

Simple prokaryotic cells
- Lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles
- Single chromosome of DNA
Reproduce asexually by

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24
Q

Binary Fission

Bacteria

A

one cell splits
into two after the original cell
has duplicated its genetic
material

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25
Bacillus ## Footnote Bacteria
Rod shaped bacteria
26
Coccus ## Footnote Bacteria
Spherical bacteria
27
Spirillus ## Footnote Bacteria
corkscrew shaped Bacteria; rarest
28
Actinobacteria ## Footnote Bacteria
fungi-like bacteria found in marine sediments
29
Autotrophs ## Footnote Bacteria
Energy from sunlight
30
Chemoautotrophs ## Footnote Bacteria
Energy from chemicals
31
Osmotrophy ## Footnote Bacteria
type of heterotrophy where absorption of small organic molecules from the external medium across the cell membrane
32
Exoenzymes ## Footnote Bacteria
enzyme released by osmotrophic microbes for external digestion
32
Cyanobacteria (blue-green bacteria/algae ## Footnote Cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic prokaryotes that have chlorophyll a & b and release oxygen as a by-product of their photosynthesis - store excess energy as cyanophycean starch single cells, colonies, or mats
32
Chlorophyll a ## Footnote Cyanobacteria
the most common photosynthetic pigment of autotrophs; absorbs primarily violet and red light
33
Chlorophyll b ## Footnote Cyanobacteria
a primary photosynthetic pigment found in few microbes, green algae, and all plants; absorbs primarily blue and red light
34
Carotenoids ## Footnote Cyanobacteria
a class of accessory pigments that absorb blue light and protect chlorophylls from damage
35
Beta-carotene ## Footnote Cyanobacteria
a yellow or orange carotenoid pigment
36
Xanthophylls ## Footnote Cyanobacteria
a carotenoid pigment that confer a yellow or brown hue in some organisms
37
Phycobilins ## Footnote Cyanobacteria
a class of accessory pigments that capture wavelengths less used by chlorophylls and transfer energy to them
38
Phycoerythrin ## Footnote Cyanobacteria
a red phycobilin that absorbs green light
39
Phycocyanin ## Footnote Cyanobacteria
a blue phycobilin that absorbs orange light
40
Mucilage ## Footnote Cyanobacteria
gelatinous secretion of algal cells for attachment of cells and their protection
41
Stromatolite ## Footnote Bacteria
a coral-like community of microbes that form a thin layer of living cells and filaments over an accumulated mass of dead stony material
42
Obligate Anaerobes ## Footnote Archaea
thrives only in absence of oxygen (e.g. Sulfur bacteria)
43
Facultative Anaerobe ## Footnote Archaea
thrives in the presence or absence of oxygen; photosynthesize in presence of light (e.g. Nonsulfur bacteria)
44
Bacteriophylls ## Footnote Archaea
a class of primary photosynthetic pigments that do not release O2
45
Chemosynthetic Bacteria ## Footnote Archaea
can form organic molecules from inorganic molecules using other chemicals rather than sunlight as a source of energy
46
Heterotrophic Bacteria ## Footnote Bacteria
decomposers; use surrounding organic matter for materials and energy - release exoenzymes to digest natural molecules resistant to decay (e.g. cellulose)
47
Consolidation ## Footnote Bacteria
the aggregation of suspended particles in seawater by bacteria
48
Lithification ## Footnote Bacteria
the conversion of consolidated particles into a solid mass with mineral cement
49
Sedimentation ## Footnote Bacteria
the settlement of water particles from suspension in water
50
Nitrogen Fixation ## Footnote Bacteria
conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium ion
51
Nitrogenase ## Footnote Bacteria
an enzyme used to “fix” nitrogen by breaking the strong molecular bond between atoms of nitrogen is the molecule of nitrogen gas; takes place in the
52
Heterocyst ## Footnote Cyanobacteria
specialized cell in which conditions favorable for nitrogen fixation are maintained -in cyanobacteria
53
Symbiotic Bacteria ## Footnote Endosymbiosis
Many bacteria have evolved symbiotic relationships with other marine organisms
54
Endosymbiotic Theory: ## Footnote Endosymbiosis
the body of evidence supporting the idea that some one-celled organisms have evolved by the incorporation of other one-celled organisms or their organelles into the host cell (e.g. – plastids, mitochondria, hydrogenosomes
55
Eukarya ## Footnote Endosymbiosis
domain that contains all organisms with eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, fungi)
56
Phagocytosis
a cell engulfs a particle by inwardly folding and separation of the cell membrane to form a vacuole
57
Plastids ## Footnote Endosymbiosis
: an organelle in eukaryotic cell derived originally by endosymbiosis with a cyanobacterium (e.g. – chloroplasts)
58
Endosymbiont ## Footnote Endosymbiosis
guest organism or organelle that lives within a host organism or cell
59
Hydrogen Hypothesis ## Footnote Endosymbiosis
a concept on the origin of eukaryotic cells that postulates an endosymbiotic relationship between a host archaeon that needed hydrogen for chemosynthesis and a guest bacterium that released hydrogen and became a mitochondrion
60
Plastid Endosymbiosis ## Footnote Endosymbiosis
evolutionary process by which a heterotrophic host cell gains the ability to photosynthesize from a photoautotrophic guest cell
61
Deep-sea Vent community ## Footnote Archaea
a community of marine organisms that depend upon the specialized environment found at divergence zones in the ocean floor
62
Chemosynthetic Bacteria ## Footnote Archaea
can form organic molecules from inorganic molecules using other chemicals rather than sunlight as a source of energy
63
Bioluminescent Bacteria ## Footnote Bacteria
capable of emitting blue-green or yellow light using chemical energy
64
Photophores ## Footnote Bacteria
an organ in some organisms that produces bioluminescence; contain cultures of luminescent bacteria
65
Archaea ## Footnote Archaea
Domain that contains Archaeons which were formerly considered to be bacteria
66
Archaeons ## Footnote Archaea
differ from bacteria in the biochemistry, genetic makeup, ability to produce methane, and tolerance of extreme environmental conditions
67
Three basic types or Archaeons ## Footnote Archaea
Methanogens, Halobacteria, Hyperthermophiles
68
Methanogen ## Footnote Archaea
an archaeon that produces methane in its metabolism; are chemosynthetic and use hydrogen for energy
69
Halobacteria ## Footnote Archaea
an archaeon that require high concentrations of salt where they live; are
70
Halophiles ## Footnote Archaea
an organism grows and reproduces best in the presence of salt
71
Bacteriorhodopsins (purple proteins) ## Footnote Archaea
light-capturing protein that produces ATP in halobacteria
72
Hyperthermophiles ## Footnote Archaea
a microbe that grows and reproduces best at temperatures exceeding 100°C; live in deep-sea hydrothermal hot vents
73
Chemosynthetic ## Footnote Archaea
uses carbon dioxide and hydrogen to produce organic compounds
74
Eukarya ## Footnote Eukarya
domain that contains all organisms with eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, fungi)
75
Phagocytosis ## Footnote Eukarya
a cell engulfs a particle by inwardly folding and separation of the cell membrane to form a vacuole
76
Fungi ## Footnote Fungi
<1% of known species are marine
77
Mycologist ## Footnote Fungi
scientist who studies fungi
78
Mycology ## Footnote Fungi
the study of fungi
79
Aspergillosis ## Footnote Fungi
a fungal disease caused by genus Aspergillus
80
Yeast ## Footnote Fungi
single-celled fungus
81
Filamentous fungus ## Footnote Fungi
consists of long thread-like masses called Hypha which produce a tangled mass
82
Mycelium ## Footnote Fungi
body of a fungus
83
Budding ## Footnote Fungi
asexual reproduction in which two individuals are produced by unequal division of the adult
84
Conidiospore ## Footnote Fungi
an asexually produced dispersal stage in the life cycle of a fungus
85
Fruiting body ## Footnote Fungi
a sexually reproductive structure of a fungus
86
Ascocarp ## Footnote Fungi
the fruiting body of an ascomycote fungus
87
Ascus ## Footnote Fungi
one component of an ascocarp that produces 4 to 8 spores
88
Lichens ## Footnote Fungi
mutualistic associations between a fungus and an algae Fungus: ascomycotes Algae: green algae
89
Stramenopiles ## Footnote Stramenopiles
a group of organisms that includes diatoms and have specialized flagella
90
Mastigonemes ## Footnote Stramenopiles
Hair-like filaments that extend from the shaft of some flagella
91
Ochrophytes ## Footnote Stramenopiles
photosynthetic stramenopiles; store energy as a specialized starch called Laminarin
92
Secondary plastid endosymbiosis ## Footnote Endosymbiosis
the condition in which an ancestor became host to a red algal cell that became the hosts plastid
93
Diatoms ## Footnote Diatoms-Stramenopiles
one of the most distinctive marine phytoplankton;>45% ocean primary production
94
Frustule ## Footnote Diatoms
two-part cell wall of a diatom
95
Valve ## Footnote Diatoms
is one part of the diatom frustule
96
Centric Diatom ## Footnote Diatoms
has radially symmetrical valves; pelagic
97
Pennate Diatom ## Footnote Diatoms
has bilaterally symmetrical valves; benthic
98
Raphe ## Footnote Diatoms
slit along the valve by which some pennate diatoms move along surfaces. Pennate diatoms secrete mucilage through it.
99
Silicoflagellates ## Footnote Stramenopiles
are planktonic marine plankton that are both photosynthetic and heterotrophic Internal silica skeletons are composed of a network of bars; propel themselves with one long eukaryotic flagellum, or Undulipodium
100
Labyrinthomorphs ## Footnote Stramenopiles
heterotrophic stramenopiles that are decomposers and pathogens
101
Haptophytes ## Footnote Haptophytes
a group of eukaryotic microbes that possess a Haptonema
102
Haptonema ## Footnote Haptophytes
a rod-like organelle that projects between the two flagella of haptophytes and is used to capture prey (Coccolithophores)
103
Coccolithophores ## Footnote Haptophytes
photosynthetic haptophytes with the cell surface covered by calcareous scales called Coccoliths
104
Alveolates ## Footnote Alveolates
a group of microbes with membranous sacs (Alveoli) beneath the cell membrane; include dinoflagellates and cilliates
105
Pellicle ## Footnote Alveolates
the complex of alveoli and the cell membrane in alveolates
106
Dinoflagellates ## Footnote Alveolates-Dinoflagellates
an alveolate with cellulose in its alveoli and with two heterokont flagella for locomotion 90% are marine: planktonic and benthic, some symbiotic, parasitic, zooxanthelle and bioluminescent Dominate warm-temperate waters
107
Dinosporin ## Footnote Dinoflagellates
a decay-resistant chemical in the cellulose of dinoflagellates
108
Cingulum ## Footnote Dinoflagellates
horizontal groove in the middle of a dinoflagellate; contains shorter flagellum
109
Sulcus ## Footnote Dinoflagellates
the longitudinal groove on the surface of a dinoflagellate that extends from the cingulum; contains longer flagellum
110
Unarmored/Naked dinoflagellate (Athecate) ## Footnote Dinoflagellates
has a few thin layers of cellulose in its alveoli; giving the appearance of having no protective cell covering
111
Armored dinoflagellate (Thecate) ## Footnote Dinoflagellates
has many layers of cellulose in its alveoli giving the appearance of having a protective cell covering
112
Phagotrophy ## Footnote Eukarya
a mode of nutrition by which one organism eats another either by phagocytosis or by taking into the mouth
113
Ciliates ## Footnote Cilliates
a group of alveolates that use cilia for locomotion and feeding
114
Membranelles ## Footnote Cilliates
ribbon-shaped or tufted arrangements of cilia that increase the effectiveness of locomotion and feeding
115
Cytostome ## Footnote Ciliates
organelle in a ciliate where phagocytosis occurs
116
Lorica ## Footnote Ciliates
: loosely fitting external covering
117
Micronucleus ## Footnote Ciliates
smaller nucleus of a ciliate, holds one set of chromosomes for inheritance by the next generation
118
Macronucleus ## Footnote Ciliates
larger nucleus of a ciliate, holds many sets of chromosomes, and plays a role in metabolism of the cell
119
Conjugation ## Footnote Ciliates
sexual reproduction that involves the exchange of nuclei between fused cells
120
Choanoflagellates ## Footnote Choanoflagellates
a group of microbes that filter suspended particles through a specialized collar surrounding the flagellum (sponge cells)
121
Microvillus ## Footnote Choanoflagellates
one of many short, hair-like extensions that form the collar of choanoflagellates
122
Amoeboid Protozoans ## Footnote Amoeboid Protozoans
a group of microbes characterized by a Pseudopod
123
Pseudopod ## Footnote Amoeboid Protozoans
a finger-like projection of cytoplasm and membrane that functions in both locomotion and feeding in amoeboid protozoans
124
Test ## Footnote Amoeboid Protozoans
external skeleton of an amoeboid protozoan
125
Foraminiferan ## Footnote Amoeboid Protozoans-Foraminiferans
is an amoeboid marine protozoan with specialized pseudopods and a calcareous test
126
Reticulopod ## Footnote Amoeboid Protozoans-Foraminiferans
a pseudopod of foraminiferans with branches that interconnect to form a net for the capture of particles
127
Radiolarians ## Footnote Amoeboid Protozoans-Radiolarians
an amoeboid marine protozoan with specialized, needle-like pseudopods (Actinopods) and a skeleton of silica
128
Capsule ## Footnote Amoeboid Protozoans-Radiolarians
an external organic layer in radiolarians that separates the inner nuclear region from the outer region
129
Calymma ## Footnote Amoeboid Protozoans-Radiolarians
vacuolated outermost cytoplasm of a radiolarian; formed by actinopods passing through the capsule

MARE 171 (10 decks)

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