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MARE 171 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Fishes

Fishes-General/phylogeny

A

are a diverse group of animals that evolved over 530 million years ago from invertebrate chordates

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2
Q

Fishes are Chordates and have 4 chordate traits as well as

Fishes-General/phylogeny

A

1) Pharyngeal gill slits, 2) Notochord, 3) Dorsal hollow nerve tube, 4) Postanal tail
- Have a cranium (cartilage or bone)
- Important in human nutrition worldwide
- Reports suggest that 90% of commercial fisheries will be depleted by 2050

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3
Q

Vertebrae

Fishes-anatomy

A

are the series of bones or cartilages that surround the spinal cord and constitute the spinal column of vertebrate organisms

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4
Q

Hagfishes and Lampreys

Fishes-General/phylogeny

A
  • lack paired appendages and scales
  • skeletons composed of cartilage
  • Hagfish lack vertebrae (phylum Myxini)
  • Lampreys (subphylum Vertebrata)
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5
Q

Hagfishes

Fishes-General/phylogeny

A

– produce copious slime
- bottom dwellers in deep oceans; 77 species
- feed using dental plates on soft-bodied inverts and scavenge on large vertebrates
- scavenge from inside out
knot bodies to remove slime

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6
Q

Lampreys

Fishes-General/phylogeny

A

– 9 of 43 species are marine
- use oral disk and rasping tongue with horny teeth to grasp prey, rasp a hole in the side of the body, and suck out tissues and fluids

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7
Q

Anadromous

Fishes-life cyles/reproduction

A

fishes that spend their adult lives in the sea but ascend rivers for spawning

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8
Q

Ammocetes

Fishes-life cyles/reproduction

A

are the eel-like larvae of various lamprey species

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9
Q

Class Chondrichthyes

Fishes-general/phylogeny

A

includes: sharks, skates, rays, and chimaeras
- cartilaginous skeletons, jaws, paired fins, and placoid scales

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10
Q

Holocephalans

Fishes-general/phylogeny

A

(chimaeras or ratfish)

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11
Q

Elasmobranchs

Fishes-general/phylogeny

A

(sharks, skates, rays)

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12
Q

Placoid scales

Fishes-anatomy

A

the type of scale in cartilaginous fishes that has a structure resembling the teeth of other vertebrates

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13
Q

Sharks

Fishes-general/phylogeny

A

– top predators in ocean foodwebs
All are carnivorous; feeding on marine mammals, turtles, other sharks, large fishes, small fishes, invertebrates,
zooplankton

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14
Q

Zooplanktivorous

Fishes-general/phylogeny

A

animals that filter-feed on small nonphotosynthetic organisms in the plankton

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15
Q

Caudal Fin (Tail fin)

Fishes-anatomy

A

is located at the end of the caudal peduncle and it is used for propulsion

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16
Q

Heterocercal tail

Fishes-anatomy

A

is an asymmetrical fin; vertebrae extend into its larger lobe

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17
Q

Claspers

A

are modified pelvic fins used by sharks and rays in sperm transfer

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18
Q

Skates and Rays differ from sharks in having

A

1) flattened bodies, 2) enlarged pectoral fins attached to the head, 3) reduced dorsal and caudal fins, 4) eyes and spiracles on top of the head

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19
Q

Spiracles

Fishes-anatomy

A

are small openings located behind the eyes of sharks and rays that serve as an opening for water entering the gill chamber when the animal is at rest

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20
Q

Skates and Rays differ from each other in that

Fishes-anatomy

A

1) Skates have muscular tails with small fins
2) Rays have whip-like tails with venomous spines
Rays give birth to live young
Skates lay eggs (Mermaid’s purse): (or Devil’s purse) is the common name given to the egg case or capsule of some sharks, skates, and chimaeras

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21
Q

Chimaeras (class Holocephali)

Fishes-anatomy

A

ratfish, rabbitfish, spookfish
Differ from elasmobranchs via:
1) Upper jaw immovable 2) lack a spiracle
3) Gills are covered with an operculum

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22
Q

Operculum

Fishes-anatomy

A

a stiff flap of tissue that covers the gills of ray-finned fishes and chimaeras

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23
Q

Cloaca

Fishes-anatomy

A

common chamber for the products of the intestinal and urogenital systems

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24
Q

Coelacanths

Fishes-general/phylogeny

A

have rod-shaped bones surrounded by thick muscle in their pelvic and pectoral fins(class Sarcopterygii

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25
Q

Ray-finned fishes (class Actinoperygii)Divided into two groups:

Fishes-general/phylogeny

A

Chondrostei
Neopterygii (all others)

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26
Q

Chondrostei

Fishes-general/phylogeny

A

(sturgeons) – heterocercal tail, primarily cartilage, ganoid scales

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27
Q

Neopterygii

Fishes-general/phylogeny

A

all others) – homocercal tails, bony skeleton, cycloid or ctenoid scales, maneuverable fins

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28
Q

Ganoid scales

Fishes-anatomy

A

are thick bony plates composed of an inner layer of bone and an outer layer of enamel

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29
Q

Cycloid scales

Fishes-anatomy

A

are thin plates of dermal bone with smooth margins found in the skin of some ray-finned fishes

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30
Q

Ctenoid scales

Fishes-anatomy

A

are thin plates of dermal bone with tiny teeth on their posterior edge found in the skin of some ray-finned fishes

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31
Q

Placoid scales

Fishes-anatomy

A

the type of scale in cartilaginous fishes that has a structure resembling the teeth of other vertebrates

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32
Q

Homocercal tails

Fishes-anatomy

A

extend beyond the end of the vertebral column and are symmetrical

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33
Q

Fusiform

Fishes-body forms

A

refers to a body shape characterized by tapering at both the head and the tail
b) Reef fish
c) Bottom dwellers d) Sedentary
e) Burrowing

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34
Q

Chromatophores

Fishes-anatomy

A

are the pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells that generate skin and eye color

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35
Q

Iridophores

Fishes-anatomy

A

the cells that are made up of stacks of thin protein plates that function as multilayer reflectors

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36
Q

Obliterative countershading

Fishes-Coloration

A

is the use of different coloration on upper and lower body surfaces as a means of camouflage

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37
Q

Disruptive Coloration

Fishes-Coloration

A

is the use of vertical lines to interrupt the background color of the body; often includes eye stripe and eyespot

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38
Q

Poster colors

Fishes-Coloration

A

are the bright, showy, color patterns often seen in reef fish that advertise territorial ownership, aid in maintaining schools, and are used in sexual displays

39
Q

Aposematic (warning) coloration

Fishes-Coloration

A

is the bright coloration used by organisms to warn potential predators that they are distasteful or poisonous

40
Q

Gill Filaments

Fishes-anatomy

A

are the thin specialized tissues of gills that act as the respiratory surface for gas exchange

41
Q

Countercurrent Exchange system

Fishes-anatomy

A

is a system in which two flows of fluids, like water or blood, move in opposite directions, thereby establishing a stable concentration gradient for some property, usually heat or dissolved substances between them

42
Q

Gill pump

Fishes-anatomy

A

is a series of muscles found in cartilaginous fishes that are used to suck in water and push it past the gills

43
Q

Osmoregulation

Fishes-anatomy

A

is the process whereby an organism maintains the proper fluid and electrolyte balance within its cells and internal body fluids

44
Q

Rectal gland

Fishes-anatomy

A

is an osmoregulatory organ located in the hindgut that concentrates and secretes excess salt

45
Q

Squalene

Fishes-anatomy

A

is a low-density lipid that is often stored in the tissues of cartilaginous fishes; most in large liver

46
Q

Swim bladder

Fishes-anatomy

A

is an internal gas-filled organ that allows a ray-finned fish to control its buoyancy

47
Q

Gas gland

Fishes-anatomy

A

is the highly vascular structure found in many ray-finned fishes that is capable of secreting gases (O2) into the swim bladder, increasing its internal pressure and allowing the animal to achieve neutral buoyancy at differing depths

48
Q

Olfactory receptors are

Fishes-anatomy

A

highly developed in sharks; make up about 2/3 brain capacity Each nares is blind slit divided in 2 by fold
Water into specific olfactory cells - flow thru

49
Q

Taste receptors of ray-finned fishes may be

Fishes-anatomy

A

located on the surface of the head, jaws, tongue, mouth, and Barbels

50
Q

Barbels

Fishes-anatomy

A

are slender tactile organs containing taste buds

51
Q

Lateral line

Fishes-anatomy

A

is a sensory organ found in aquatic organisms that is used to detect vibration and movement in surrounding water

52
Q

Neuromasts

Fishes-anatomy

A

are specialized receptor organs in the lateral lines of vertebrates that detect the direction of water movement

53
Q

Otoliths

Fishes-anatomy

A

are calcareous structures found in the inner ear of fish that are used along with sensory membranes to detect sound, linear acceleration, and balance stimuli

54
Q

Maculae

Fishes-anatomy

A

are sensory membranes within the inner ear containing neuromast-like sensory receptors that are used to detect fluid movement

55
Q

Ray-finned fishes rely upon

A

vision more than sharks; eyelids are poorly developed in fish

56
Q

Sharks have a

A

Nictitating membrane
Some sharks w/out membrane can roll eye into orbit to protect (e.g. – white, whale shark)

57
Q

Nictitating membrane

Fishes-anatomy

A

a transparent third eyelid that protects the eye while maintaining visibility

58
Q

Most fish have

Fishes-anatomy

A

monocular vision (eyes placed laterally)

59
Q

All elasmobranchs possess

Fishes-anatomy

A

an elaborate Ampullae of Lorenzini

60
Q

Ampullae of Lorenzini

Fishes-anatomy

A

electroreceptor system that is exquisitely sensitive to low-frequency electric stimuli

61
Q

Spiral valve

Fishes-anatomy

A

is a modification of the lower portion of the intestine whereby internal surfaces are twisted and coiled to increase the surface area for nutrient absorption

62
Q

Gill rakers

Fishes-anatomy

A

are bony or cartilaginous processes, used in filter feeding, that project from the gill arches of ray-finned and cartilaginous fishes

63
Q

Cold Adaptation in Fishes

Fishes-adaptations

A

Temperatures in polar waters are 1.5 to -1.8°C
Unique challenge in fishes whose body chemistry is less saline that seawater/inverts
Development of antifreeze (glycoproteins)
Reduced number of blood cells/hemoglobin
Enlarged heart; increased blood volume

64
Q

Predator Avoidance Adaptations

Fishes-adaptations

A

Venomous
Spines
Pectoral Fins
Scales

65
Q

Oviparity

Fishes-lifecycles/reproduction

A

primitive model for fish reproduction – typical of bony fishes
Fertilization external; ↑ large numbers of eggs & sperm are shed into the water

66
Q

Embryos

Fishes-lifecycles/reproduction

A

small amount of yolk; hatch undeveloped

67
Q

Ovoviviparity

Fishes-lifecycles/reproduction

A

Fertilization is internal and eggs hatch within the uterus; nourished by yolk stored in the egg
Embryos – large amount of yolk; hatch well developed

68
Q

Oophagy

Fishes-lifecycles/reproduction

A

is the practice of embryos feeding on eggs produced by the ovary while still inside the mother’s uterus
Compartmentalization of uterus reduces oophagy

69
Q

Pelagic spawners

Fishes-lifecycles/reproduction

A

release vast quantities of eggs into the water (cod, tuna, sardines)

70
Q

Benthic spawners

Fishes-lifecycles/reproduction

A

larger eggs, more yolk, spread across bottom or vegetation (salmon

71
Q

Brood hiders

Fishes-lifecycles/reproduction

A

hide their eggs in a brood but do not provide parental care (grunion)

72
Q

Guarders

Fishes-lifecycles/reproduction

A

care for their offspring until they hatch (damselfish, bennies, gobies)

73
Q

Bearers

Fishes-lifecycles/reproduction

A

lay eggs in mouth or pouch of male who protects them (jawfish, seahorse)

74
Q

Hermaphodism

Fishes-lifecycles/reproduction

A

an animal that possesses both male and female sex organs

75
Q

Protogyny

Fishes-lifecycles/reproduction

A

is a type of sequential hermaphrodism in which an organism that is born female changes sex to become a male

76
Q

Protandry

Fishes-lifecycles/reproduction

A

is a type of sequential hermaphrodism in which an organism that is born male changes sex to become a female

77
Q

School

Fishes-behavior

A

is a group of fish swimming in the same direction in a coordinated manner

78
Q

Shoaling

Fishes-behavior

A

refers to the activity of any group of fish that stay together for social reasons

79
Q

Anadromous

Fishes-lifecycles/reproduction

A

fishes spend their adult lives in the sea but ascent rivers for spawning (lamprey, salmon)

80
Q

Catadromous

Fishes-lifecycles/reproduction

A

fish lives its adult life in freshwater but returns to the sea to reproduce (freshwater eels, mullets)

81
Q

Leptocephalus

Fishes-lifecycles/reproduction

A

flat transparent larva of tarpon, bonefish, and various types of eel

82
Q

Elvers

Fishes-lifecycles/reproduction

A

are young eels, especially those migrating into freshwater from the sea

83
Q

Redds

Fishes-lifecycles/reproduction

A

are depressions dug in the gravel of streams by female salmon for the deposition of eggs during spawning

84
Q

Alevins

Fishes-lifecycles/reproduction

A

are newly hatched salmon that still have a yolk sac attached; they are known as

85
Q

Fry

Fishes-lifecycles/reproduction

A

after they lose the yolk sac and began feeding

86
Q

Parrs

Fishes-lifecycles/reproduction

A

are 1-5-year old salmon that inhabit freshwater

87
Q

Smolts

Fishes-lifecycles/reproduction

A

are salmon that develop from parrs, acquire silvery scales, and migrate to the sea

88
Q

anguilliform

Fishes-locomotion

A

When an elongated fish such as an eel swims, its entire body, which is flexible throughout its complete length, moves in a series of sinuous waves passing from head to tail.

89
Q

carangiform

Fishes-locomotion

A

Fish with fusiform bodies exhibit carangiform locomotion, in which only the posterior half of the body flexes with the passage of contraction waves

90
Q

subcarangiform

Fishes-locomotion

A

has a more marked increase in wave amplitude along the body with the vast majority of the work being done by the rear half of the fish

91
Q

Ostraciiform

Fishes-locomotion

A

Only the tail fin itself oscillates (often very rapidly) to create thrust

92
Q

undulatory

Fishes-locomotion

A

the type of motion characterized by wave-like movement patterns that act to propel an animal forward.

93
Q

Oscillation

Fishes-locomotion

A

pectoral-fin-based swimming and is best known as mobuliform locomotion. The motion can be described as the production of less than half a wave on the fin, similar to a bird wing flapping. Pelagic stingrays, such as the manta, cownose, eagle and bat rays use oscillatory locomotion.

94
Q

Vivipary

A

Fertilization internal:development of the embryo inside the body of the mother

MARE 171 (10 decks)

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