Chapter 10 Flashcards

Question

Ray-finned fishes (class Actinoperygii)Divided into two groups: ## Footnote Fishes-general/phylogeny

Answer 1

Chondrostei Neopterygii (all others)

Answer 2

(sturgeons) – heterocercal tail, primarily cartilage, ganoid scales

Answer 3

all others) – homocercal tails, bony skeleton, cycloid or ctenoid scales, maneuverable fins

Answer 4

are thick bony plates composed of an inner layer of bone and an outer layer of enamel

Answer 5

are thin plates of dermal bone with smooth margins found in the skin of some ray-finned fishes

Answer 6

are thin plates of dermal bone with tiny teeth on their posterior edge found in the skin of some ray-finned fishes

Answer 7

the type of scale in cartilaginous fishes that has a structure resembling the teeth of other vertebrates

Answer 8

extend beyond the end of the vertebral column and are symmetrical

Answer 9

refers to a body shape characterized by tapering at both the head and the tail b) Reef fish c) Bottom dwellers d) Sedentary e) Burrowing

Answer 10

are the pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells that generate skin and eye color

Answer 11

the cells that are made up of stacks of thin protein plates that function as multilayer reflectors

Answer 12

is the use of different coloration on upper and lower body surfaces as a means of camouflage

Answer 13

is the use of vertical lines to interrupt the background color of the body; often includes eye stripe and eyespot

Answer 14

are the bright, showy, color patterns often seen in reef fish that advertise territorial ownership, aid in maintaining schools, and are used in sexual displays

Answer 15

is the bright coloration used by organisms to warn potential predators that they are distasteful or poisonous

Answer 16

are the thin specialized tissues of gills that act as the respiratory surface for gas exchange

Answer 17

is a system in which two flows of fluids, like water or blood, move in opposite directions, thereby establishing a stable concentration gradient for some property, usually heat or dissolved substances between them

Answer 18

is a series of muscles found in cartilaginous fishes that are used to suck in water and push it past the gills

Answer 19

is the process whereby an organism maintains the proper fluid and electrolyte balance within its cells and internal body fluids

Answer 20

is an osmoregulatory organ located in the hindgut that concentrates and secretes excess salt

Answer 21

is a low-density lipid that is often stored in the tissues of cartilaginous fishes; most in large liver

Answer 22

is an internal gas-filled organ that allows a ray-finned fish to control its buoyancy

Answer 23

is the highly vascular structure found in many ray-finned fishes that is capable of secreting gases (O2) into the swim bladder, increasing its internal pressure and allowing the animal to achieve neutral buoyancy at differing depths

Answer 24

highly developed in sharks; make up about 2/3 brain capacity Each nares is blind slit divided in 2 by fold Water into specific olfactory cells - flow thru

Answer 25

located on the surface of the head, jaws, tongue, mouth, and Barbels

Answer 26

are slender tactile organs containing taste buds

Answer 27

is a sensory organ found in aquatic organisms that is used to detect vibration and movement in surrounding water

Answer 28

are specialized receptor organs in the lateral lines of vertebrates that detect the direction of water movement

Answer 29

are calcareous structures found in the inner ear of fish that are used along with sensory membranes to detect sound, linear acceleration, and balance stimuli

Answer 30

are sensory membranes within the inner ear containing neuromast-like sensory receptors that are used to detect fluid movement

Answer 31

vision more than sharks; eyelids are poorly developed in fish

Answer 32

Nictitating membrane Some sharks w/out membrane can roll eye into orbit to protect (e.g. – white, whale shark)

Answer 33

a transparent third eyelid that protects the eye while maintaining visibility

Answer 34

monocular vision (eyes placed laterally)

Answer 35

an elaborate Ampullae of Lorenzini

Answer 36

electroreceptor system that is exquisitely sensitive to low-frequency electric stimuli

Answer 37

is a modification of the lower portion of the intestine whereby internal surfaces are twisted and coiled to increase the surface area for nutrient absorption

Answer 38

are bony or cartilaginous processes, used in filter feeding, that project from the gill arches of ray-finned and cartilaginous fishes

Answer 39

Temperatures in polar waters are 1.5 to -1.8°C Unique challenge in fishes whose body chemistry is less saline that seawater/inverts Development of antifreeze (glycoproteins) Reduced number of blood cells/hemoglobin Enlarged heart; increased blood volume

Answer 40

Venomous Spines Pectoral Fins Scales

Answer 41

primitive model for fish reproduction – typical of bony fishes Fertilization external; ↑ large numbers of eggs & sperm are shed into the water

Answer 42

small amount of yolk; hatch undeveloped

Answer 43

Fertilization is internal and eggs hatch within the uterus; nourished by yolk stored in the egg Embryos – large amount of yolk; hatch well developed

Answer 44

is the practice of embryos feeding on eggs produced by the ovary while still inside the mother's uterus Compartmentalization of uterus reduces oophagy

Answer 45

release vast quantities of eggs into the water (cod, tuna, sardines)

Answer 46

larger eggs, more yolk, spread across bottom or vegetation (salmon

Answer 47

hide their eggs in a brood but do not provide parental care (grunion)

Answer 48

care for their offspring until they hatch (damselfish, bennies, gobies)

Answer 49

lay eggs in mouth or pouch of male who protects them (jawfish, seahorse)

Answer 50

an animal that possesses both male and female sex organs

Answer 51

is a type of sequential hermaphrodism in which an organism that is born female changes sex to become a male

Answer 52

is a type of sequential hermaphrodism in which an organism that is born male changes sex to become a female

Answer 53

is a group of fish swimming in the same direction in a coordinated manner

Answer 54

refers to the activity of any group of fish that stay together for social reasons

Answer 55

fishes spend their adult lives in the sea but ascent rivers for spawning (lamprey, salmon)

Answer 56

fish lives its adult life in freshwater but returns to the sea to reproduce (freshwater eels, mullets)

Answer 57

flat transparent larva of tarpon, bonefish, and various types of eel

Answer 58

are young eels, especially those migrating into freshwater from the sea

Answer 59

are depressions dug in the gravel of streams by female salmon for the deposition of eggs during spawning

Answer 60

are newly hatched salmon that still have a yolk sac attached; they are known as

Answer 61

after they lose the yolk sac and began feeding

Answer 62

are 1-5-year old salmon that inhabit freshwater

Answer 63

are salmon that develop from parrs, acquire silvery scales, and migrate to the sea

Answer 64

When an elongated fish such as an eel swims, its entire body, which is flexible throughout its complete length, moves in a series of sinuous waves passing from head to tail.

Answer 65

Fish with fusiform bodies exhibit carangiform locomotion, in which only the posterior half of the body flexes with the passage of contraction waves

Answer 66

has a more marked increase in wave amplitude along the body with the vast majority of the work being done by the rear half of the fish

Answer 67

Only the tail fin itself oscillates (often very rapidly) to create thrust

Answer 68

the type of motion characterized by wave-like movement patterns that act to propel an animal forward.

Answer 69

pectoral-fin-based swimming and is best known as mobuliform locomotion. The motion can be described as the production of less than half a wave on the fin, similar to a bird wing flapping. Pelagic stingrays, such as the manta, cownose, eagle and bat rays use oscillatory locomotion.

Answer 70

Fertilization internal:development of the embryo inside the body of the mother