Chapter 7 Flashcards
Seaweeds (macroalgae; limu)
Seaweeds general
multicellular algae visible to the naked eye
Phycologist (algologist)
Seaweeds general
a scientist that studies seaweeds (limu)
Fouling Community
Seaweeds general
an assemblage of organisms that grow on an intertidal or a submerged artificial structure
- seaweeds produce 3-dimensional structure
Compensation Depth
Seaweeds general
that depth beyond which primary producers generally cannot survive
Vascular Tissue
Seaweeds general
found in higher plants; provides support and transports water, minerals, and food
Thallus
Seaweeds general
body of an alga
Holdfast
Seaweeds general
part of a thallus that anchors alga to seafloor
Frond (Blade)(seaweed)
Seaweeds general
leaf-life part of a seaweed
Stipe
Seaweeds general
Stem-like part of the thallus connecting the frond to the holdfast
Green algae (Phylum Chlorophyta)
have
Seaweeds general
Chlorophyll b
Brown algae (Phylum Phaeophyta)
have
Seaweeds general
Chlorophyll c
Red algae (Phylum Rhodophyta)
have
Seaweeds general
Chlorophyll d
Cell walls of Seaweeds are made of
Seaweeds general
cellulose
Cuticle
Seaweeds general
outermost non-living layer of an organism; multilayered covering of protein – gives seaweeds iridescent shine
Reproduction in Seaweeds
Seaweeds general
Can reproduce sexually and asexually
Fragmentation
Seaweeds general
production of new organisms from pieces of a parent organism; one type of asexual reproduction
Drift Algae
Seaweeds general
seaweeds freed from attachment that can accumulate on windward shores; Sargassum in the atlantic ocean.
Sporangium
Seaweeds general
is the part of the seaweed that produces and releases asexual spores; second type of asexual reproduction
Sporophyte
Seaweeds general
the asexual spore-producing stage in the life cycle
Gametophyte
Seaweeds general
is the stage in the life cycle of an alga or plant during which gametes are produced; sexual reproduction
Gametangium
Seaweeds general
the part of the gametophyte where gametes are produced
Alternation of Generations
Seaweeds general
describes the lifecycle of plants and includes more than one multicellular stage ; usually one sexual and one asexual
Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
are seaweeds that bear chlorophylls a & b;
4 classes: 2 FW, 1 Marine, 1 Seaweed (13%)
Coenocytic Green Algae
Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
Cell grows and the nucleus divides, but the cell does not divide, resulting in a large, multinucleated cell
Tolerance
Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
a mechanism to compensate for loss of tissue to herbivory (e.g. rapid growth)
Avoidance
Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
a mechanism to reduce herbivory by being in a different place or time than the herbivore (e.g. occupy crevices)
Deterrence
Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
a mechanism to reduce herbivory by repelling a predator (e.g. CaCO3 deposits in cells)
Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
are seaweeds with chlorophylls a & d and with phycobillins; are 98% marine
Main defense – make thalli less edible (impregnated with CaCO3)
Carposporophyte
Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
a diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of red algae that produces diploid spores
Carpospore
Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
the diploid, asexual dispersal stage of red algae
Tetrasporophyte
Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
diploid multicellular stage of red algae that produces spores by meiosis
Tetraspores
Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
are haploid, asexual dispersal cells of red algae
Epiphytes
Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
an organism that grows on a multicellular primary producer
Epizoic
Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
any organism that grows on an animal
Coralline Algae
Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
group of red algae that deposit CaCO3 in their cells walls; acts like “cement” in coral reef systems
Phycocolloids
Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
chemicals in cell walls that help improve flexibility and strength and may be extracted for human use
Agar
Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
a phycocolloid of red algae that is used to make laboratory culture media
Carrageenan
Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
a phycocolloid of red algae that is used commercially as a thickening agent
Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
are seaweeds that contain chlorophyll a & c and Fucoxanthin
99.7% are marine, > diversity than green algae, < diversity than red algae
Fucoxanthin
Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
accessory pigment in brown algae
Bladders
Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
gas filled floats in the thallus
Alginates
Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
phycocolloids of brown algae that increase thallus flexibility and strength
Trumpet Cells
Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
of kelp carry food from fronds to deeper parts of the thallus
Receptacles
Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
are swollen
reproductive parts of a
brown algae
Conceptacle
Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
in brown algae
is a chamber in a receptacle
that holds the gamete-
producing tissue
Rhizoids
Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
root-like
anchoring structures
Marine habitats defined by 4 plants
Marine Plants
Kelp, Seagrass, Salt Marshes, and Mangrove forests; last 3 are flowering plants and adapted from terrestrial shore plants
Stonewort
Marine Plants
a plant that is more complex than green algae and related to land plants
Phloem
Marine Plants
the vascular tissue of plants that carries food from leaves to other parts
Xylem
Marine Plants
the vascular tissue of plants that carries water from roots to other parts
Seed
Marine Plants
a dormant stage of vascular plants that bears the embryo within protective and nutritive layers
Flowering Plants
Marine Plants
a group of vascular plants that produce seeds in a fruit
Fruits
Marine Plants
are produced from the flower after pollination and contain the seeds
Seagrasses
Marine Plants
are lily-like plants that live submerged in seawater (SAV)
- 66 species (0.02 of flowering plants)
Halophytes
Marine Plants
plants that grow and reproduce best in the presence of salt
Hydrophyte
Marine Plants
a flowering plant that lives submerged under water
Vegetative Growth
Marine Plants
a form of asexual reproduction in which growth regions produce additional units of the plant body of identical genetic makeup
Rhizomes
Marine Plants
underground horizontal stems
Internode
Marine Plants
a part of a stem between places where leaves, roots, and stems arise
Nodes
Marine Plants
parts at which internodes meet and where leaves, roots, and stems arise
Roots
Marine Plants
arise from nodes and anchor grass
Root Hairs
Marine Plants
are absorptive extensions of surface cells of a root
Scale Leaves
Marine Plants
non-photosynthetic structures that protect the growing tip of the stem
Foliage Leaves
Marine Plants
produce a photosynthetic blade
Sheath
Marine Plants
non-photosynthetic part of the leaf
Blade(marine flowering plants)
Marine Plants
green part of the leaf
Epidermis
Marine Plants
outermost layer of cells of a multicellular organism
Aerenchyme
Marine Plants
a gas containing tissue in vascular plants that consists of spaces between the cell walls
Lacunae
Marine Plants
are the expanded, gas-filled spaces in the aerenchyme
Tannins
Marine Plants
compounds in plants that reduce herbivory and microbial infection
Bioturbation
Marine Plants
mixing up of sediments by the activities of seafloor animals
Pollen
Marine Plants
male gametophyte of a seed-bearing plant
Stigma
Marine Plants
female part of a flower that receives the pollen
Hydrophilous pollination
Marine Plants
the mechanism for seed dispersal of a pollen grain by water currents from the male flower to the female flower
Viviparity
Marine Plants
reproduction by the initial retention and nourishment of offspring on or in the parent (a few seagrass species do this)
Turbidity
Marine Plants
cloudiness in the water from suspended particles
Rhizosphere
Marine Plants
area below ground that is physically and chemically influenced by the complex roots of a vascular plant
Culm
Marine Plants
primary vertical stem of a marsh grass
Tillers
Marine Plants
secondary stems surrounding a culm
EAV
Marine Plants
Emergent Aquatic Vegetation
- salt marsh grass
SAV
Marine Plants
Submerged Aquatic Vegetation
- seagrass
Facultative halophyte
Marine Plants
plant that thrives in the presence or absence of salt
Salt glands
Marine Plants
epidermal cells that release salt solutions to control mineral balance in plants
Succulent
Marine Plants
a plant with enlarged water-filled cells in its tissues
Mangroves
Mangroves
an intertidal salt –tolerant tree or shrub of tropical coastlines; Black & Red
Mangal
Mangroves
forest of mangroves
Aerial Root
Mangroves
a root that occurs above ground
Stilt Roots
Mangroves
aerial roots that hold up mangroves
Prop Root
Mangroves
stilt root that arises from the trunk
Drop Root
Mangroves
stilt root that arises from a branch
Lenticels
Mangroves
scar-like openings on the surface of roots that supply oxygen to the root system
Anchor Roots
Mangroves
short branches from the main root that hold the tree in the sediment
Nutritive Roots
Mangroves
the finest divisions of roots for absorption of minerals
Cable Roots
Mangroves
a subterranean horizontal part of a root system that extends from the trunk
Pneumatophores
Mangroves
aerial roots that grow out of the sediment from a cable root and provide air to the root
Stomata
Mangroves
depressions in the leaf for passage of water and gases
Propagule
Mangroves
dispersal stage of the mangrove
Hypocotyl
Mangroves
initial stem of a young plant
