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MARE 171 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Seaweeds (macroalgae; limu)

Seaweeds general

A

multicellular algae visible to the naked eye

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2
Q

Phycologist (algologist)

Seaweeds general

A

a scientist that studies seaweeds (limu)

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3
Q

Fouling Community

Seaweeds general

A

an assemblage of organisms that grow on an intertidal or a submerged artificial structure
- seaweeds produce 3-dimensional structure

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4
Q

Compensation Depth

Seaweeds general

A

that depth beyond which primary producers generally cannot survive

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5
Q

Vascular Tissue

Seaweeds general

A

found in higher plants; provides support and transports water, minerals, and food

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6
Q

Thallus

Seaweeds general

A

body of an alga

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7
Q

Holdfast

Seaweeds general

A

part of a thallus that anchors alga to seafloor

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8
Q

Frond (Blade)(seaweed)

Seaweeds general

A

leaf-life part of a seaweed

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9
Q

Stipe

Seaweeds general

A

Stem-like part of the thallus connecting the frond to the holdfast

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10
Q

Green algae (Phylum Chlorophyta)
have

Seaweeds general

A

Chlorophyll b

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11
Q

Brown algae (Phylum Phaeophyta)
have

Seaweeds general

A

Chlorophyll c

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12
Q

Red algae (Phylum Rhodophyta)
have

Seaweeds general

A

Chlorophyll d

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13
Q

Cell walls of Seaweeds are made of

Seaweeds general

A

cellulose

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14
Q

Cuticle

Seaweeds general

A

outermost non-living layer of an organism; multilayered covering of protein – gives seaweeds iridescent shine

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15
Q

Reproduction in Seaweeds

Seaweeds general

A

Can reproduce sexually and asexually

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16
Q

Fragmentation

Seaweeds general

A

production of new organisms from pieces of a parent organism; one type of asexual reproduction

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17
Q

Drift Algae

Seaweeds general

A

seaweeds freed from attachment that can accumulate on windward shores; Sargassum in the atlantic ocean.

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18
Q

Sporangium

Seaweeds general

A

is the part of the seaweed that produces and releases asexual spores; second type of asexual reproduction

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19
Q

Sporophyte

Seaweeds general

A

the asexual spore-producing stage in the life cycle

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20
Q

Gametophyte

Seaweeds general

A

is the stage in the life cycle of an alga or plant during which gametes are produced; sexual reproduction

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21
Q

Gametangium

Seaweeds general

A

the part of the gametophyte where gametes are produced

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22
Q

Alternation of Generations

Seaweeds general

A

describes the lifecycle of plants and includes more than one multicellular stage ; usually one sexual and one asexual

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23
Q

Green Algae (Chlorophyta)

Green Algae (Chlorophyta)

A

are seaweeds that bear chlorophylls a & b;
4 classes: 2 FW, 1 Marine, 1 Seaweed (13%)

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24
Q

Coenocytic Green Algae

Green Algae (Chlorophyta)

A

Cell grows and the nucleus divides, but the cell does not divide, resulting in a large, multinucleated cell

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25
Q

Tolerance

Green Algae (Chlorophyta)

A

a mechanism to compensate for loss of tissue to herbivory (e.g. rapid growth)

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26
Q

Avoidance

Green Algae (Chlorophyta)

A

a mechanism to reduce herbivory by being in a different place or time than the herbivore (e.g. occupy crevices)

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27
Q

Deterrence

Green Algae (Chlorophyta)

A

a mechanism to reduce herbivory by repelling a predator (e.g. CaCO3 deposits in cells)

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28
Q

Red Algae (Rhodophyta)

Red Algae (Rhodophyta)

A

are seaweeds with chlorophylls a & d and with phycobillins; are 98% marine
Main defense – make thalli less edible (impregnated with CaCO3)

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29
Q

Carposporophyte

Red Algae (Rhodophyta)

A

a diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of red algae that produces diploid spores

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30
Q

Carpospore

Red Algae (Rhodophyta)

A

the diploid, asexual dispersal stage of red algae

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31
Q

Tetrasporophyte

Red Algae (Rhodophyta)

A

diploid multicellular stage of red algae that produces spores by meiosis

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32
Q

Tetraspores

Red Algae (Rhodophyta)

A

are haploid, asexual dispersal cells of red algae

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33
Q

Epiphytes

Red Algae (Rhodophyta)

A

an organism that grows on a multicellular primary producer

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34
Q

Epizoic

Red Algae (Rhodophyta)

A

any organism that grows on an animal

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35
Q

Coralline Algae

Red Algae (Rhodophyta)

A

group of red algae that deposit CaCO3 in their cells walls; acts like “cement” in coral reef systems

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36
Q

Phycocolloids

Red Algae (Rhodophyta)

A

chemicals in cell walls that help improve flexibility and strength and may be extracted for human use

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37
Q

Agar

Red Algae (Rhodophyta)

A

a phycocolloid of red algae that is used to make laboratory culture media

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38
Q

Carrageenan

Red Algae (Rhodophyta)

A

a phycocolloid of red algae that is used commercially as a thickening agent

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39
Q

Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)

Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)

A

are seaweeds that contain chlorophyll a & c and Fucoxanthin

99.7% are marine, > diversity than green algae, < diversity than red algae

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40
Q

Fucoxanthin

Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)

A

accessory pigment in brown algae

41
Q

Bladders

Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)

A

gas filled floats in the thallus

42
Q

Alginates

Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)

A

phycocolloids of brown algae that increase thallus flexibility and strength

43
Q

Trumpet Cells

Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)

A

of kelp carry food from fronds to deeper parts of the thallus

44
Q

Receptacles

Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)

A

are swollen
reproductive parts of a
brown algae

45
Q

Conceptacle

Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)

A

in brown algae
is a chamber in a receptacle
that holds the gamete-
producing tissue

46
Q

Rhizoids

Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)

A

root-like
anchoring structures

47
Q

Marine habitats defined by 4 plants

Marine Plants

A

Kelp, Seagrass, Salt Marshes, and Mangrove forests; last 3 are flowering plants and adapted from terrestrial shore plants

48
Q

Stonewort

Marine Plants

A

a plant that is more complex than green algae and related to land plants

49
Q

Phloem

Marine Plants

A

the vascular tissue of plants that carries food from leaves to other parts

50
Q

Xylem

Marine Plants

A

the vascular tissue of plants that carries water from roots to other parts

51
Q

Seed

Marine Plants

A

a dormant stage of vascular plants that bears the embryo within protective and nutritive layers

52
Q

Flowering Plants

Marine Plants

A

a group of vascular plants that produce seeds in a fruit

53
Q

Fruits

Marine Plants

A

are produced from the flower after pollination and contain the seeds

54
Q

Seagrasses

Marine Plants

A

are lily-like plants that live submerged in seawater (SAV)
- 66 species (0.02 of flowering plants)

55
Q

Halophytes

Marine Plants

A

plants that grow and reproduce best in the presence of salt

56
Q

Hydrophyte

Marine Plants

A

a flowering plant that lives submerged under water

57
Q

Vegetative Growth

Marine Plants

A

a form of asexual reproduction in which growth regions produce additional units of the plant body of identical genetic makeup

58
Q

Rhizomes

Marine Plants

A

underground horizontal stems

59
Q

Internode

Marine Plants

A

a part of a stem between places where leaves, roots, and stems arise

60
Q

Nodes

Marine Plants

A

parts at which internodes meet and where leaves, roots, and stems arise

61
Q

Roots

Marine Plants

A

arise from nodes and anchor grass

62
Q

Root Hairs

Marine Plants

A

are absorptive extensions of surface cells of a root

63
Q

Scale Leaves

Marine Plants

A

non-photosynthetic structures that protect the growing tip of the stem

64
Q

Foliage Leaves

Marine Plants

A

produce a photosynthetic blade

65
Q

Sheath

Marine Plants

A

non-photosynthetic part of the leaf

66
Q

Blade(marine flowering plants)

Marine Plants

A

green part of the leaf

67
Q

Epidermis

Marine Plants

A

outermost layer of cells of a multicellular organism

68
Q

Aerenchyme

Marine Plants

A

a gas containing tissue in vascular plants that consists of spaces between the cell walls

69
Q

Lacunae

Marine Plants

A

are the expanded, gas-filled spaces in the aerenchyme

70
Q

Tannins

Marine Plants

A

compounds in plants that reduce herbivory and microbial infection

71
Q

Bioturbation

Marine Plants

A

mixing up of sediments by the activities of seafloor animals

72
Q

Pollen

Marine Plants

A

male gametophyte of a seed-bearing plant

73
Q

Stigma

Marine Plants

A

female part of a flower that receives the pollen

74
Q

Hydrophilous pollination

Marine Plants

A

the mechanism for seed dispersal of a pollen grain by water currents from the male flower to the female flower

75
Q

Viviparity

Marine Plants

A

reproduction by the initial retention and nourishment of offspring on or in the parent (a few seagrass species do this)

76
Q

Turbidity

Marine Plants

A

cloudiness in the water from suspended particles

77
Q

Rhizosphere

Marine Plants

A

area below ground that is physically and chemically influenced by the complex roots of a vascular plant

78
Q

Culm

Marine Plants

A

primary vertical stem of a marsh grass

79
Q

Tillers

Marine Plants

A

secondary stems surrounding a culm

80
Q

EAV

Marine Plants

A

Emergent Aquatic Vegetation
- salt marsh grass

81
Q

SAV

Marine Plants

A

Submerged Aquatic Vegetation
- seagrass

82
Q

Facultative halophyte

Marine Plants

A

plant that thrives in the presence or absence of salt

83
Q

Salt glands

Marine Plants

A

epidermal cells that release salt solutions to control mineral balance in plants

84
Q

Succulent

Marine Plants

A

a plant with enlarged water-filled cells in its tissues

85
Q

Mangroves

Mangroves

A

an intertidal salt –tolerant tree or shrub of tropical coastlines; Black & Red

86
Q

Mangal

Mangroves

A

forest of mangroves

87
Q

Aerial Root

Mangroves

A

a root that occurs above ground

88
Q

Stilt Roots

Mangroves

A

aerial roots that hold up mangroves

89
Q

Prop Root

Mangroves

A

stilt root that arises from the trunk

90
Q

Drop Root

Mangroves

A

stilt root that arises from a branch

91
Q

Lenticels

Mangroves

A

scar-like openings on the surface of roots that supply oxygen to the root system

92
Q

Anchor Roots

Mangroves

A

short branches from the main root that hold the tree in the sediment

93
Q

Nutritive Roots

Mangroves

A

the finest divisions of roots for absorption of minerals

94
Q

Cable Roots

Mangroves

A

a subterranean horizontal part of a root system that extends from the trunk

95
Q

Pneumatophores

Mangroves

A

aerial roots that grow out of the sediment from a cable root and provide air to the root

96
Q

Stomata

Mangroves

A

depressions in the leaf for passage of water and gases

97
Q

Propagule

Mangroves

A

dispersal stage of the mangrove

98
Q

Hypocotyl

Mangroves

A

initial stem of a young plant

MARE 171 (10 decks)

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