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MARE 171 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Amniotic egg

A

an egg covered by a protective shell and containing a liquid-filled sac in which the embryo develops
Advantage allowed:
Elimination of free-swimming larvae
Eggs to be laid in dry place

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2
Q

Amnion

A

a liquid-filled sac that contains the developing embryo of some vertebrate animals

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3
Q

Yolk sac

A

a sac-like structure in amniotic eggs that contains a supply of food

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4
Q

Allantois

A

an embryonic support membrane that functions in elimination of wastes and is found in some vertebrates

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5
Q

Chorion

A

an embryonic support membrane that functions in gas exchange and is found in some vertebrates

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6
Q

Physiological Adaptations

Reptiles

A

Circulatory system more advanced than fishes
Fishes (gills, 2 chambered heart; 1A, 1V)
Reptiles (lungs, 3 chambered heart, 2A, 1V)
Osmoregulation adaptations:
Efficient kidneys
Salt gland
Desiccant-resistant
scales

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7
Q

Order Crocodilia

Crocodilia

A

Saltwater crocodile - Order of large reptiles – appeared 84 mya (late Cretaceous Period)
- Closest living relatives of birds; two known survivors of the Archosauria
The saltwater or estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) is the largest of all living reptiles

Marine habitats in Northern Australia, the eastern coast of India and parts of Southeast Asia

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8
Q

Order Chelonia

Chelonia

A

Sea Turtles
Evolved from terrestrial (land) turtles 150 MYA
Live and feed in the marine environment
Return to land to:
Lay eggs
Rest
Bask (thermoregulate)

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9
Q

Order Sqaumata

Sqaumata

A

Sea snakes & Marine iguana

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10
Q

Family Gavialidae – Gharials

Crocodila

A

Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus

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11
Q

Family Alligatoridae – Alligators & Caiman

Crocodila

A

American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)
Black Caiman (Melanosuchus niger)

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12
Q

Family Crocodylidae – Crocodiles

Crocodila

A

Saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)

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13
Q

Alligators:

Crocodila

A

Wider and shorter heads
U-shaped snout
Upper jaw wider than lower jaw
Teeth in lower jaw fit into depressions in upper jaw
Prefer freshwater

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14
Q

Crocodiles:

Crocodila

A

Narrow and longer head
V-shaped snout
Upper and lower jaws same width
Crocodiles better tolerate seawater due to salt glands

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15
Q

Saltwater Crocodile
Unlike other reptiles

Crocodila

A

Have a cerebral cortex, a 4-chambered heart, and functional equivalent of a diaphragm by incorporating muscles used for aquatic locomotion into respiration

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16
Q

Salt excretion- Crocodiles

Crocodila

A

Salt gland located in the mouth (modified salivary glands); salt is excreted through the tongue, spit out of the mouth

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17
Q

2 Families Sea Turtles

Chelonia

A

Cheloniidae & Dermochelyidae

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18
Q

Sea Turtle Marine Adaptions:

Chelonia

A

1) Lost capacity of tail undulation
2) Developed shortened, rigid body form & corselet (breastplate)
3) Modified limbs

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19
Q

Shell composed of two layers- Outer layer

Chelonia

A

composed of Keratin: a tough protein found in reptilian scales; called “scutes”

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20
Q

Shell composed of two layers- Inner layer

Chelonia

A

composed of bone; shell fused to vertebrae

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21
Q

Carapace

Chelonia

A

dorsal surface of a turtle’s shell

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22
Q

Plastron

A

ventral surface of the turtle’s shell

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23
Q

Chelonia mydas

Chelonia

A

Herbivore
Fibrilopapilloma tumors
Nest in NW Hawaiian Islands
Green sea turtle

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24
Q

Chelonia agassizii

Chelonia

A

Black sea turtle
Formerly subspecies of Green
Herbivore
Black pigmentation
Restricted to E. Pacific

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25
Q

Eretmocheyls imbricata

Chelonia

A

Hawksbill sea turtle
Spongivore
Shell highly prized; $100/lb
Until 1992 – 20 net tons/Japan
Nests on beaches of Hawaii

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26
Q

Lepidocheyls olivacea

Chelonia

A

Olive ridley sea turtle
Carnivore
Widely distributed in tropical waters
Found in Hawaiian waters
Rarely nests in Hawaii
Arribadas nesting

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27
Q

Arribadas nesting

Chelonia

A

females nest synchronously at the same time

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28
Q

Lepidocheyls kempi

Chelonia

A

Kemp’s ridley sea turtle
Carnivore
Restricted to Gulf of Mexico
Critically endangered
Arribadas nesting

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29
Q

Caretta caretta

Chelonia

A

Loggerhead sea turtle
Carnivore
Nests in S. Japan – only in N. Pacific
Prevalent in Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic

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30
Q

Natator depressus

Chelonia

A

Flatback sea turtle
Carnivore but ancestor of green sea turtle
Dorsal-ventrally flattened shell
Entire life cycle in coastal waters
Limited to Australia

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31
Q

Dermocheyls coriacea

Chelonia

A

Leatherback sea turtle
Carnivore;
Feeds exclusively on jellyfish
Flexible, tapered, & leathery carapace
5 distinct ridges, no scutes
Largest sea turtle; 500 kg

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32
Q

All turtles lack

Chelonia

A

teeth and have a beak-like structure to capture and secure prey

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33
Q

Nesting Occurs within 3 general constraints

Chelonia

A
  1. Nesting must occur during condition which are conducive to adult activity
  2. Nesting must occur during conditions that favor embryo development & survival
  3. Hatchlings must emerge into conditions that are conducive to their survival
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34
Q

Precopulatory behaviors

Chelonia

A

head bobbing, position in water column, head-head bumps, nuzzling, biting, movement of flipper, dinner

♂ mounts ♀, uses enlarged claws on fore & hind flippers to hold carapace

Curls long tail to bring cloacea into contact

In captivity coupled > 10hrs;
↑ Coupling = ↑ Fertility

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35
Q

Pattern contains

Chelonia

A
  1. Emerging from surf
  2. Ascending the beach
  3. Excavating the body pit
  4. Digging the egg chamber
  5. Oviposition (egg laying)
  6. Filling the egg chamber
  7. Filling the body pit
  8. Return to the sea
36
Q

All species:

Chelonia

A

Lay several clutches during a nesting season

Lay white, spherical cleidoic eggs with flexible calcareous shells (50-130)

Size of eggs differs between clutches and among species

Size of eggs, # & # of clutches represent result of adaptive survival compromise

37
Q

Sea turtle Hatching

A

Hatch after 6 – 13 weeks of incubation depending upon temperature
Weigh < 50% of oviposition weight
Large eggs produce large hatchlings

38
Q

Sea turtle Hatchlings

Chelonia

A

Typically emerge at night – circumvent two major problems with diurnal emergence:
1. Lethal temperature
2. Predators

39
Q

Hatchling Sex Determination

Chelonia

A

Temperature-dependent sex determination – produces ♀ at warm temps, ♂ at cool temps

Sensitive period for sex determination takes place during middle third of incubation

Less than 28°C - Primarily Males
Greater than 30°C – Primarily Females

40
Q

Sea Turtles in Danger

Chelonia

A

Focus on conservation protection for reducing turtles divides into two categories:
1. Protection of the animals
2. Protection of their habitat

This requires:
1. Protection of eggs
2. Protection of nests
3. Protection of foraging areas
4. Protection of mating areas

41
Q

Reptiles have a unique variety of organs used as salt glands
including

Chelonia

A

Sublingual glands – sea snakes

Lingual glands – crocodiles

Nasal glands – lizards

Lachrymal gland – sea turtles
2X size of leatherback brain

42
Q

Reptilian salt glands:

Chelonia

A

When actived - discharges a fluid
6X that of blood; 2X seawater

When inactive – ¼ the concentrating capability

Greater than marine birds; 2X shark rectal gland

Unlike avian glands – remove Mg2+

43
Q

Order Squamata

Squamata

A

Snakes evolved from lizards ≈ 135 mya

There are approximately 70 species of sea snakes living in our modern oceans

Account for 86% of marine reptile species

44
Q

Classically 5 major groups of “sea snakes

Squamata-Sea snakes/kraits

A

Hydrophiids - ‘true’ sea snakes – 54 species
Laticaudids - sea kraits – 5 species
Acrochordids - file snakes – 3 species
Homalopsids - mangrove snakes – 9 species
Natricids - salt marsh snakes – 3 species

45
Q

Subfamily Hydrophiinae

Squamata-Sea snakes/kraits

A

‘true’ sea snakes
The largest group of sea snakes
Evolved from Australian terrestrial elapids 30 MYA
Have the same toxic venom and envenomation Proteroglyphs have fixed front fangs like their terrestrial ancestors (mambas, cobras, adders)
Sea snakes – fully aquatic (never leaving the water) ovoviviparous (bear their young in the water) lack specialized ventral scales

46
Q

Subfamily Laticaudinae

Squamata-Sea snakes/kraits

A

sea kraits
Comprise five species, four are marine
Are strongly banded and commonly seen in large numbers on beaches in south east Asia and some Pacific Islands
Sea kraits have also evolved from terrestrial elapids and are proteroglyphs with highly toxic venom
Are very placid and unlikely to bite unless provoked
Sea kraits are the only group of sea snakes that are oviparous (egg laying) and must return to land to breed
Sea kraits - amphibious (living on land and water), oviparous (returning to land to lay their eggs, have specialized ventral scales for crawling on land

47
Q

Sea Snake Diving

Squamata-Sea snakes/kraits

A

Aerobic dives (O2) average 13 minutes & 20 meters

Anaerobic dives (No O2) increase time by 30-45 min 2 hr max depth
Ave > 50 m; 90 m max
One elongate cylindrical lung extends almost the entire body length for efficient for gas exchange

48
Q

Are also able to carry out cutaneous respiration which is

Squamata-Sea snakes/kraits

A

Oxygen diffuses from sea water across the snake’s skin into tiny blood vessels and carbon dioxide diffuses out

49
Q

Lecithinase

Squamata-Sea snakes/kraits

A

lysis of erythrocytes

50
Q

Anticoagulase

Squamata-Sea snakes/kraits

A

delays or prevents blood coagulation

51
Q

Hyaluronidase

Squamata-Sea snakes/kraits

A

leads to diffusion of venom into cells

52
Q

Venom uses

Squamata-Sea snakes/kraits

A

Paralyzes prey; for defense
Not usually aggressive – many victims on shore

53
Q

Salt Removal

Squamata-Sea snakes/kraits

A

Sea snakes avoid excess salt from sea water using a salt excreting gland, the posterior sublingual gland that sits under the tongue
Skin of sea snakes is very resistant to water, and does not let water in the snake easily

54
Q

Hemipenes

Squamata-Sea snakes/kraits

A

paired penises found in snakes and lizards
Each is an autonomous independently functioning penis and only one is used during mating
Mating takes place for long periods and sea snakes must surface for air during that time

55
Q

Subfamily Iguaninae

Squamata-Iguaninae

A

Marine, Fijian, Galapagos land, spinytail, rock, desert, green, and chuckwalla iguanas

56
Q

Marine Iguana

Squamata-Iguaninae

A

Laterally flattened tail, dorsal spines allow for efficient swimming
Feed on marine algae
Remove salt via salt glands in nose

57
Q

Marine Iguana reproduction

Squamata-Iguaninae

A
  • ♀ lay 1-6 eggs in burrows dug 30-80cm deep - Eggs are laid in sand or volcanic ash up to 300m or more inland
  • ♀ guard the burrow for several days then leave the eggs to finish incubation (95 days)
58
Q

Marine Iguana diving

Squamata-Iguaninae

A

Can remain submerged for up to 60 min, though dives of 5 to 10 min are more common
Iguanas spend much of their time restoring body heat ( from cold water) by sunning themselves on the rocks adjacent the shore

59
Q

Aves (Birds) can be defined as

A

Those advanced archosaurs with feathers
Those reptiles that fly
All reptiles closer to birds than to crocodiles
The last common ancestor of all the currently living birds and all of its descendants
Of almost 10,000 bird species, only about 300 are considered “marine”

60
Q

Vertebrate Comparisons

Shore birds

A

Fishes – Poikilotherms, 2 chambers, Scales
Reptiles – Poikilotherms, 3 chambers, Scales
Birds – Homeotherms, 4 chambers, Feathers
Mammals – Homeotherms, 4 chambers, Hair

61
Q

Shorebirds

Shore birds

A

Shorebirds (or waders) feed on the abundance of marine life in the intertidal zone
Range in size from a sparrow to a chicken
Exhibit a variety of bill and foot types
Both can dictate feeding life history

62
Q

Bills dictate

Shore birds

A

type and size of prey

63
Q

Feet and legs dictate

Shore birds

A

habitat birds can access

64
Q

Haematopodidae

Shore birds

A

Oystercatchers
Use bills to slice, pry, and probe

65
Q

Charadriidae

Shore birds

A

Plovers
Heavy body and short bill
Turnstones
Heavy body and slightly upturned bills

66
Q

Scolopacidae

Shore birds

A

Sandpipers
Relatives plovers and oystercatchers; feed on crustaceans and molluscs
Pacific golden plover (Pluvialis fulva); Kolea
Curlews
Use long bills like forceps to extract shellfish
Avocets
Have long legs and use long upturned bills to sift side to side through the water
Stilts
Have extremely long legs and use long straight bill to probe mud for food (insects & crustaceans)
Hawaiian stilt (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni)

67
Q

Family Ardeidae

Shore birds

A

Herons & Egrets
One of the most widespread families of wading birds; feed on small fish and crustaceans
crustaceans and molluscs
Cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) & Black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax)

68
Q

Body type dictates

Seabirds

A

feeding strategy

69
Q

Laridae

Seabirds

A

Gulls
are extremely vocal birds and are found in large groups
Are aggressive carnivorous feeders

70
Q

Terns

Seabirds

A

are small graceful, seabirds with brightly colored and delicate bills

71
Q

sub family Stercorariinae

Seabirds

A

Skuas
are very aggressive relatives of gulls; omnivorous and keen predators on other seabirds and eggs
Jaegers
are predators known for stealing fishes from terns and other seabirds

72
Q

Subfamily Rychopinae

Seabirds

A

Skimmers
are small birds with 1) vertical pupils and 2) a flexible protruding lower jaw

73
Q

Family Alcidae

Seabirds

A

Alcids(auks, puffins, and murres); similar looking to penguins but can fly and are more closely related to the gulls

74
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

is an evolutionary process whereby similar selective pressures bring about similar adaptations in unrelated groups of animals

75
Q

Ecological equivalents

A

are different groups of animals that have evolved independently along the same lines in similar habitats and therefore display similar adaptations

76
Q

order Pelicaniformes

Seabirds

A

Pelicans and their relatives
are members of a group of birds that have webs between their four toes and many have a hooked upper mandible

Most are tropical or warm temperate and are well know fishers in open ocean and coastal habitats

77
Q

Gular pouch

Seabirds

A

a sac of skin that hangs between the flexible bones of a pelican’s lower mandible

78
Q

Sulidae

Seabirds

A

Boobies
dive from heights of 18-30m into the sea to catch their prey

79
Q

Phalacrocoracidae

Seabirds

A

Cormorants
swim along the surface and dive for their prey; are excellent underwater swimmers. Lack oil glands to “waterproof” feathers - must “air dry”

80
Q

Fregatidae

Seabirds

A

Frigatebirds
have lightweight bodies and very long wings; no oil glands so cannot land on water

81
Q

Order Procellariiformes

Seabirds

A

Tubenoses
(petrels, albatrosses, shearwaters) have obvious tubular nostrils on their beaks
Better developed sense of smell and larger nasal glands
Stomachs contain a large gland that produces an oil composed of liquefied fat and vitamin A for feeding young

82
Q

Procellariidae

Seabirds

A

Petrels
also called the “true” petrels and includes shearwaters and prions; migrate very long distances

83
Q

Family Diomedeidae

Seabirds

A

Albatrosses
are the largest of any living bird and accomplished gliders; restricted range - rely on winds for flight

84
Q

Family Hydrobatidae

Seabirds

A

Storm Petrels
small birds with long legs; erratic flyers with flapping wings and use feet paddling under the water

85
Q

Order Sphenisciformes

Seabirds

A

Penguins
are the birds most adapted to life in the ocean; all live in Southern Hemisphere; only 2 species in Antarctica; densest feathers – used to trap air

MARE 171 (10 decks)

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