Chapter 12 Flashcards
1
Q
What are marine mammals?
A
Mammals that live and feed in the marine (aquatic) environment
2
Q
What are Mammals
A
Mammary glands – nurse young with milk
Hair
Diaphragm
3
Q
Vertebrate Comparisons
A
Fishes – Poikilotherms, 2 chambers, Scales
Reptiles – Poikilotherms, 3 chambers, Scales
Birds – Homeotherms, 4 chambers, Feathers
Mammals – Homeotherms, 4 chambers, Hair
4
Q
Homeothermic
A
refers to the ability of an animal to maintain a constant body temperature
5
Q
Mammary glands
A
are the milk producing glands of mammals
6
Q
Placental mammals
A
are mammals that retain their young inside their body until they are ready to be born
7
Q
Placenta
A
is an organ found in pregnant placental mammals that sustains the young until they are born
8
Q
Order Carnivora
Carnivora
A
Polar bears, sea otters, seals, sea lions, walruses
9
Q
Order Sirenia
Sirenia
A
Manatees, dugongs
10
Q
Order Cetacea
Cetacea
A
Baleen whales, toothed whales (e.g. sperm,
dolphin, beluga, porpoise)
11
Q
5 Families of Marine Mammals
Carnivora
A
Mustelidae – Sea otter
Ursidae – Polar bear
Phocidae – Seals (true seal)
Otariidae – Sea lions (eared seals)
Odobenidae - Walrus
12
Q
Family Mustelidae members, distribution and diet
Carnivora
A
Sea otters are found along the coasts of the North Pacific; live and feed in kelp forests
Eat urchins and molluscs (25% body wt/day)
13
Q
Family Mustelidae features
Carnivora
A
Webbed 5-digit fore and hind limbs
Densest animal fur (350,000 per in2)
14
Q
Family Mustelidae life style and behaviors
Carnivora
A
Spend virtually all of their lives in the water
Are constantly grooming their fur to maintain the waterproof insulating quality of the underfur
15
Q
Family Mustelidae importance
Carnivora
A
Keystone species in kelp forests; when otters decline, kelp declines
16
Q
Family Ursidae members, diet, and distribution
Carnivora
A
Polar Bears are the largest bear species, land carnivore in North America and the top predator in the arctic marine ecosystem
Primarily feed on ringed seals; eat their blubber
17
Q
Family Ursidae features
Carnivora
A
Partially webbed forepaws; strong swimmers
18
Q
Family Ursidae hunting
Carnivora
A
Hunt seals primarily along pack-ice or fast-ice
Finds seal burrows by scent; collapses them
19
Q
Pinniped
Carnivora
A
is a marine mammal with flipper-like appendages; “feather-footed”
34-36 species – (25% of marine mammals)
20
Q
Family Phocidae members
Carnivora
A
true seals
21
Q
Family Otariidae members
Carnivora
A
Eared/fur seals
22
Q
Family Odobenidae members
Carnivora
A
Walruses
23
Q
Phocids
Carnivora
A
are seals that lack external ears and are known are true seals
- Hawaiian monk seal
24
Q
Otariids
Carnivora
A
are seals that have external ear flaps and are known as sea lions or fur seals
- California sea lion
25
Pinniped Swimming
## Footnote
Carnivora
Pinnipeds are accomplished swimmers and divers; can typically swim as fast as cetaceans (whales & dolphins) but only for short durations
26
Pinniped Diving
## Footnote
Carnivora
Pinnipeds are some of the longest and deepest diving mammal; Phocids dive deeper and longer than Otariids
27
Diving Adaptations
## Footnote
Carnivora
Cease breathing during diving events
which causes conflicting conditions
1. O2 stores ↓ with ↑ activity (O2 demand)
2. CO2 & lactate ↑ in blood & muscle
Once O2 is used up, muscle activity is maintained anaerobically which results in
↑ accumulation of lactate
28
Hemoglobin
O2 binding molecule of red blood cells; can deliver O2 where needed
29
Myoglobin
O2 binding molecule of muscle cells; delivers O2 directly to muscles
30
Hematocrit
packed red blood cell volume; hemoglobin volume – higher in mammals with increased diving capacity
31
Dive Response
During dive, available O2 ↓ (hypoxia) and CO2 ↑ (hypercapnia)
Together create asphyxia
32
Anaerobic diving
a dive that does not use O2; lactic acid & H+ ions accumulate
33
Bradycardia
decline in heart rate
34
Ischemia
preferential distribution of blood to O2 sensitive organs; temperature & metabolic rate
35
Decreased heart rate varies from
modest (sirenians), moderate (cetaceans) extreme (phocids)
36
Phocids (besides elephant seals) reproduction
## Footnote
Carnivora
typically give birth with individual females residing alone
37
Otariids reproduction
## Footnote
Carnivora
typically aggregate in large numbers at an established breeding beach or rookery to give birth
38
Polygynous
refers to the situation in which a males mates with more than one female
39
Seasonal delayed implantation
is a process in which the implantation of an embryo in the mother’s uterus is delayed in order to allow for birth to occur at the most opportune time
40
Gestation period
the period of pregnancy
Process where that fertilized egg undergoes several cell divisions forming a Blastocyst
41
Blastocyst
is an early developmental stage in mammals characterized by a hollow mass of cells
The blastocyst can remain in the female’s uterus for weeks to months before continuing development
42
Lactation period
is the period of time that a female mammal is producing milk and nursing her young
Most energetically expensive aspect of reproduction
Best interest to pass as much energy as possibly even at expense of future offspring
43
Fasting Lactation Strategy
Example: Northern elephant seal
## Footnote
Carnivora
Duration of fasting: All of lactation
Duration of lactation: Short (4-weeks)
Fat content of milk: High (55%)
Pups forage during lactation: No
44
Foraging Cycle Lactation Strategy
Example: Antarctic fur seal
## Footnote
Carnivora
Duration of fasting: Variable (few days)
Duration of lactation: Intermediate (4-months)
Fat content of milk: Intermediate (40%)
Pups forage during lactation: No
45
Aquatic Nursing Lactation Strategy
Example: Walrus
## Footnote
Carnivora
Duration of fasting: Short (hours-days)
Duration of lactation: Long (2-3 years)
Fat content of milk: Low (2-3%)
Pups forage during lactation: Yes
46
Family Otariidae subfamilies
## Footnote
Carnivora
Subfamily Arctocephalinae – Fur seals
- Dense pelage
Subfamily Otariinae – Sea Lions
- Pelage sparse
47
Family Phocidae
Subfamily Monachinae
members
## Footnote
Carnivora
Hydrurga leptonyx
- leopard seal
Antarctic seals
Neomonachus schauinslandi
- Hawaiian monk seal
Monk seals
Mirounga angustirostris
- northern elephant seal
Elephant seals
48
Family Phocidae
Subfamily Phocinae
members
## Footnote
Carnivora
Phoca vitulina
- harbor (common) seal
Histriophoca fasciata
- ribbon seal
Pagophilus groenlandicus
- harp seal
Cystophora cristata
-hooded seal
49
Family Odobenidae
members
## Footnote
Carnivora
1 species – Walrus - Odobenus rosmarus
- 2-3 subspecies
Odobenus r. rosmarus – N. Atlantic
Odobenus r. divergens – N. Pacific
(Odobenus r. laptevi – Laptev Sea)
50
Family Odobenidae
relations and tusk use and origin
## Footnote
Carnivora
Debate as to whether closely related to Otariids or Phocids
Use tusks (modified canine teeth) for:
Competition (walruses)
Defense (predators)
Hauling out (pick-axe)
Resting (anchor)
51
Order Sirenia families, adaptations, and habitats
## Footnote
Sirenia
Trichechidae – manatee (3 species)
- Paddle-shaped tail, freshwater/estuarine
Dugongidae – dugong (1 species)
- Fluke-shaped tail
Marine; has tusks
52
Sirenians
## Footnote
Sirenia
mammals belonging to the Order Sirenia
53
Tail flukes
## Footnote
Sirenia
are the lobes of a sirenian or cetacean tail
54
Family Trichechidae
members
## Footnote
Sirenia
Trichechus senegalensis
- West African manatee
Trichechus inunguis
- Amazonian manatee
Trichechus manatus
- West Indian manatee
2 subspecies:
Trichechus m. latirostris
- Florida manatee
Trichechus m. manatus
Antillean manatee
55
Family Dugongidae
members
## Footnote
Sirenia
Dugong dugon
- Dugong
Hydrodamalis gigas
- Steller’s sea cow (Extinct; known for 27yrs)
56
Cetaceans
are marine mammals belonging to the order Cetacea; includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises
- most extensively adapted to the marine environment
57
Blowhole
is an opening of the top of a cetacean’s head that contains the nostrils
58
Blubber
is a thick uniform layer of fat under the skin of some marine mammals (pinnipeds, sirenians, cetaceans)
59
Alveoli
are the tiny spaces, or gas sacs, within the lungs where gas exchange occurs
60
The Bends
is a condition that occurs when nitrogen gas dissolved in the blood comes out of solution and forms gas bubbles as the pressure decreases during an ascent from deep water, causing disruptions in circulation
61
Lactic acid
is a waste product produced when cells metabolize anaerobically
62
Spy hopping
is a cetacean behavior in which the animal raises its head out of the water
63
Breaching
is a cetacean behavior in which the animal completely or almost completely leaves the water
64
Tail slapping (tail lobbing):
is a cetacean behavior in which the animal lifts its tail out of the water and slaps it down hard on the surface
65
Peduncle
is the part of the whale’s body closest to the tail fluke
66
Fluke up
is a cetacean behavior in which the animal brings its fluke above the water so that the ventral surface is visible
67
Fluke down
is a cetacean behavior in which the animal brings its fluke above the water so that the dorsal surface is visible
68
Flipper flapping (Pec slapping):
is a cetacean behavior in which the animal rolls over onto its back and flaps its flippers in the air
69
Pectoral stroking
is a cetacean behavior in which one animal strokes the body of another with its pectoral fin
70
Suborder Mysticeti
baleen whales (12-14 species)
71
Suborder Odontoceti
toothed whales, dolphins, porpoises (≈ 75 species)
72
Baleen whales (Suborder _______) are characterized by
Mysticeti
Lack of teeth
Presence of baleen plates
Two external blowholes
73
Balaenidae
Right whales
74
Balaenopteridae
Rorquals
75
Eschrictiidae
Gray whale
76
Neobalaenidae
Pygmy right whale
77
Baleen
is a structure made of protein that is used by baleen whales to filter food from the water
78
Keratin
is a tough protein that makes up baleen
79
Northern Right
Eubalaena glacialis
80
Southern Right
Eubalaena australis
81
Bowhead
Balaena mysticetus
82
Gray whale
Eschrichtius robustus
83
Blue whale
Balaenoptera musculus
84
Sei whale
Balaenoptera borealis
85
Eden’s whale
Balaenoptera edeni
86
Antarctic Minke
Balaenoptera bonaerensis
87
fin
Balaenoptera physalus
88
Bryde’s
Balaenoptera brydei
89
Minke
Balaenoptera acutorostrata
90
Omura’s
Balaenoptera omurai
91
Humpback
megaptera novaeangliae
92
Toothed Whales
(Suborder)
(Suborder Odontoceti)
characterized by:
Teeth
Echolocation
One external
blowhole
10 Families
93
Family Ziphiidae
Beaked Whales
Relatively poorly known; diverse group
Characterized by a snout drawn into a beak
Inhabit deep ocean basins
Most information
comes from
strandings &
whaling
94
Family Physeteridae
Physeter macrocephalus – Sperm whale
95
Sperm whale
Physeter macrocephalus
96
Spermaceti
is a waxy substance found within the rostrum of sperm whales (dolphin melon)
97
Ambergris
is a section of the sperm whale’s digestive tract; base for perfumes
98
Family Kogiidae
Kogia breviceps – Pygmy sperm whale
Kogia sima – Dwarf sperm whale
99
Pygmy sperm whale
Kogia breviceps
100
Dwarf sperm whale
Kogia sima
101
Family Platanistidae
Platanista gangetica - Ganges & Indus river
Asian River dolphins - blind
Long, narrow beak, numerous pointed teeth, broad paddle-like flippers
102
Family Pontoporiidae
Rivers of South America (Atlantic)
Pontoporia blainvillei - Franciscana
103
Family Iniidae
Inia geoffrensis - Bouto
Found in Amazon river
Exclusively freshwater; reduced eyes
Elongate rostrum
Conical front teeth;
Molariform back teeth
104
Family Lipotidae
Lipotes vexillifer – Baiji, Chinese River
Found in Yangtze river
Long narrow upturned beak, low triangular dorsal fin
broad flippers
very small eyes
105
Family Delphinidae
Oceanic dolphins
106
Dephinids
is the collective term for members of the cetacean family Delphinidae, specifically dolphins
Most diverse cetacean family – 17 genera
Includes dolphins and “whales”
- bottlenose dolphin, spinner dolphin, pilot whale, killer whale (Orca:) is another name for a killer whale (based on genus)
107
Family Phocoenidae
Porpoises
108
Family Monodontidae
Delphinapterus leucas - Beluga
onodon monoceros - Narwhal
109
Echolocation
is the process that allows toothed whales to use sound to distinguish objects from distance
110
Orientation clicks
are low frequency clicks used in echolocation that give an animal a general idea of its surroundings
111
Discrimination clicks
are high frequency clicks used in echolocation that give an animal a precise picture of a particular object
112
Signature whistle
is a unique sound produced by a dolphin to identify an individual
113
Melon
is an oval mass of fatty, waxy material in a dolphin’s head that functions in directing and focusing the sounds used in echolocation
114
Ganges & Indus river dolphin
Platanista gangetica
115
Franciscana
dolphin
Pontoporia blainvillei
116
Bouto river
Inia geoffrensis
117
Baiji, Chinese River dolphin
Lipotes vexillifer
118
Finless Porpoise
Neophocoena Phocaenoides
119
Spectacled Porpoise
Phocoena Dioptrica
120
Burmeister's Porpoise
Phocoena Spinipinnis
121
Vaquita porpoise
Phocoena Sinus
122
Harbor Porpoise
Phocoena Phocoena
123
Dall's Porpoise
Phocoenoides Dalli
124
Narwhal
Monodon monoceros
125
Beluga
Delphinapterus leucas
