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MARE 171 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What are marine mammals?

A

Mammals that live and feed in the marine (aquatic) environment

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2
Q

What are Mammals

A

Mammary glands – nurse young with milk
Hair
Diaphragm

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3
Q

Vertebrate Comparisons

A

Fishes – Poikilotherms, 2 chambers, Scales
Reptiles – Poikilotherms, 3 chambers, Scales
Birds – Homeotherms, 4 chambers, Feathers
Mammals – Homeotherms, 4 chambers, Hair

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4
Q

Homeothermic

A

refers to the ability of an animal to maintain a constant body temperature

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5
Q

Mammary glands

A

are the milk producing glands of mammals

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6
Q

Placental mammals

A

are mammals that retain their young inside their body until they are ready to be born

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7
Q

Placenta

A

is an organ found in pregnant placental mammals that sustains the young until they are born

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8
Q

Order Carnivora

Carnivora

A

Polar bears, sea otters, seals, sea lions, walruses

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9
Q

Order Sirenia

Sirenia

A

Manatees, dugongs

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10
Q

Order Cetacea

Cetacea

A

Baleen whales, toothed whales (e.g. sperm,
dolphin, beluga, porpoise)

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11
Q

5 Families of Marine Mammals

Carnivora

A

Mustelidae – Sea otter
Ursidae – Polar bear
Phocidae – Seals (true seal)
Otariidae – Sea lions (eared seals)
Odobenidae - Walrus

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12
Q

Family Mustelidae members, distribution and diet

Carnivora

A

Sea otters are found along the coasts of the North Pacific; live and feed in kelp forests

Eat urchins and molluscs (25% body wt/day)

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13
Q

Family Mustelidae features

Carnivora

A

Webbed 5-digit fore and hind limbs

Densest animal fur (350,000 per in2)

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14
Q

Family Mustelidae life style and behaviors

Carnivora

A

Spend virtually all of their lives in the water
Are constantly grooming their fur to maintain the waterproof insulating quality of the underfur

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15
Q

Family Mustelidae importance

Carnivora

A

Keystone species in kelp forests; when otters decline, kelp declines

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16
Q

Family Ursidae members, diet, and distribution

Carnivora

A

Polar Bears are the largest bear species, land carnivore in North America and the top predator in the arctic marine ecosystem
Primarily feed on ringed seals; eat their blubber

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17
Q

Family Ursidae features

Carnivora

A

Partially webbed forepaws; strong swimmers

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18
Q

Family Ursidae hunting

Carnivora

A

Hunt seals primarily along pack-ice or fast-ice
Finds seal burrows by scent; collapses them

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19
Q

Pinniped

Carnivora

A

is a marine mammal with flipper-like appendages; “feather-footed”
34-36 species – (25% of marine mammals)

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20
Q

Family Phocidae members

Carnivora

A

true seals

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21
Q

Family Otariidae members

Carnivora

A

Eared/fur seals

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22
Q

Family Odobenidae members

Carnivora

A

Walruses

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23
Q

Phocids

Carnivora

A

are seals that lack external ears and are known are true seals
- Hawaiian monk seal

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24
Q

Otariids

Carnivora

A

are seals that have external ear flaps and are known as sea lions or fur seals
- California sea lion

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25
Q

Pinniped Swimming

Carnivora

A

Pinnipeds are accomplished swimmers and divers; can typically swim as fast as cetaceans (whales & dolphins) but only for short durations

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26
Q

Pinniped Diving

Carnivora

A

Pinnipeds are some of the longest and deepest diving mammal; Phocids dive deeper and longer than Otariids

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27
Q

Diving Adaptations

Carnivora

A

Cease breathing during diving events
which causes conflicting conditions
1. O2 stores ↓ with ↑ activity (O2 demand)
2. CO2 & lactate ↑ in blood & muscle

Once O2 is used up, muscle activity is maintained anaerobically which results in
↑ accumulation of lactate

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28
Q

Hemoglobin

A

O2 binding molecule of red blood cells; can deliver O2 where needed

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29
Q

Myoglobin

A

O2 binding molecule of muscle cells; delivers O2 directly to muscles

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30
Q

Hematocrit

A

packed red blood cell volume; hemoglobin volume – higher in mammals with increased diving capacity

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31
Q

Dive Response

A

During dive, available O2 ↓ (hypoxia) and CO2 ↑ (hypercapnia)
Together create asphyxia

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32
Q

Anaerobic diving

A

a dive that does not use O2; lactic acid & H+ ions accumulate

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33
Q

Bradycardia

A

decline in heart rate

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34
Q

Ischemia

A

preferential distribution of blood to O2 sensitive organs; temperature & metabolic rate

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35
Q

Decreased heart rate varies from

A

modest (sirenians), moderate (cetaceans) extreme (phocids)

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36
Q

Phocids (besides elephant seals) reproduction

Carnivora

A

typically give birth with individual females residing alone

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37
Q

Otariids reproduction

Carnivora

A

typically aggregate in large numbers at an established breeding beach or rookery to give birth

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38
Q

Polygynous

A

refers to the situation in which a males mates with more than one female

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39
Q

Seasonal delayed implantation

A

is a process in which the implantation of an embryo in the mother’s uterus is delayed in order to allow for birth to occur at the most opportune time

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40
Q

Gestation period

A

the period of pregnancy
Process where that fertilized egg undergoes several cell divisions forming a Blastocyst

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41
Q

Blastocyst

A

is an early developmental stage in mammals characterized by a hollow mass of cells
The blastocyst can remain in the female’s uterus for weeks to months before continuing development

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42
Q

Lactation period

A

is the period of time that a female mammal is producing milk and nursing her young
Most energetically expensive aspect of reproduction
Best interest to pass as much energy as possibly even at expense of future offspring

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43
Q

Fasting Lactation Strategy
Example: Northern elephant seal

Carnivora

A

Duration of fasting: All of lactation
Duration of lactation: Short (4-weeks)
Fat content of milk: High (55%)
Pups forage during lactation: No

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44
Q

Foraging Cycle Lactation Strategy
Example: Antarctic fur seal

Carnivora

A

Duration of fasting: Variable (few days)
Duration of lactation: Intermediate (4-months)
Fat content of milk: Intermediate (40%)
Pups forage during lactation: No

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45
Q

Aquatic Nursing Lactation Strategy
Example: Walrus

Carnivora

A

Duration of fasting: Short (hours-days)
Duration of lactation: Long (2-3 years)
Fat content of milk: Low (2-3%)
Pups forage during lactation: Yes

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46
Q

Family Otariidae subfamilies

Carnivora

A

Subfamily Arctocephalinae – Fur seals
- Dense pelage
Subfamily Otariinae – Sea Lions
- Pelage sparse

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47
Q

Family Phocidae
Subfamily Monachinae
members

Carnivora

A

Hydrurga leptonyx
- leopard seal
Antarctic seals
Neomonachus schauinslandi
- Hawaiian monk seal
Monk seals
Mirounga angustirostris
- northern elephant seal
Elephant seals

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48
Q

Family Phocidae
Subfamily Phocinae
members

Carnivora

A

Phoca vitulina
- harbor (common) seal

Histriophoca fasciata
- ribbon seal

Pagophilus groenlandicus
- harp seal

Cystophora cristata
-hooded seal

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49
Q

Family Odobenidae
members

Carnivora

A

1 species – Walrus - Odobenus rosmarus
- 2-3 subspecies
Odobenus r. rosmarus – N. Atlantic
Odobenus r. divergens – N. Pacific
(Odobenus r. laptevi – Laptev Sea)

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50
Q

Family Odobenidae
relations and tusk use and origin

Carnivora

A

Debate as to whether closely related to Otariids or Phocids
Use tusks (modified canine teeth) for:
Competition (walruses)
Defense (predators)
Hauling out (pick-axe)
Resting (anchor)

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51
Q

Order Sirenia families, adaptations, and habitats

Sirenia

A

Trichechidae – manatee (3 species)
- Paddle-shaped tail, freshwater/estuarine
Dugongidae – dugong (1 species)
- Fluke-shaped tail
Marine; has tusks

52
Q

Sirenians

Sirenia

A

mammals belonging to the Order Sirenia

53
Q

Tail flukes

Sirenia

A

are the lobes of a sirenian or cetacean tail

54
Q

Family Trichechidae
members

Sirenia

A

Trichechus senegalensis
- West African manatee

Trichechus inunguis
- Amazonian manatee

Trichechus manatus
- West Indian manatee
2 subspecies:
Trichechus m. latirostris
- Florida manatee
Trichechus m. manatus
Antillean manatee

55
Q

Family Dugongidae
members

Sirenia

A

Dugong dugon
- Dugong

Hydrodamalis gigas
- Steller’s sea cow (Extinct; known for 27yrs)

56
Q

Cetaceans

A

are marine mammals belonging to the order Cetacea; includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises
- most extensively adapted to the marine environment

57
Q

Blowhole

A

is an opening of the top of a cetacean’s head that contains the nostrils

58
Q

Blubber

A

is a thick uniform layer of fat under the skin of some marine mammals (pinnipeds, sirenians, cetaceans)

59
Q

Alveoli

A

are the tiny spaces, or gas sacs, within the lungs where gas exchange occurs

60
Q

The Bends

A

is a condition that occurs when nitrogen gas dissolved in the blood comes out of solution and forms gas bubbles as the pressure decreases during an ascent from deep water, causing disruptions in circulation

61
Q

Lactic acid

A

is a waste product produced when cells metabolize anaerobically

62
Q

Spy hopping

A

is a cetacean behavior in which the animal raises its head out of the water

63
Q

Breaching

A

is a cetacean behavior in which the animal completely or almost completely leaves the water

64
Q

Tail slapping (tail lobbing):

A

is a cetacean behavior in which the animal lifts its tail out of the water and slaps it down hard on the surface

65
Q

Peduncle

A

is the part of the whale’s body closest to the tail fluke

66
Q

Fluke up

A

is a cetacean behavior in which the animal brings its fluke above the water so that the ventral surface is visible

67
Q

Fluke down

A

is a cetacean behavior in which the animal brings its fluke above the water so that the dorsal surface is visible

68
Q

Flipper flapping (Pec slapping):

A

is a cetacean behavior in which the animal rolls over onto its back and flaps its flippers in the air

69
Q

Pectoral stroking

A

is a cetacean behavior in which one animal strokes the body of another with its pectoral fin

70
Q

Suborder Mysticeti

A

baleen whales (12-14 species)

71
Q

Suborder Odontoceti

A

toothed whales, dolphins, porpoises (≈ 75 species)

72
Q

Baleen whales (Suborder _______) are characterized by

A

Mysticeti
Lack of teeth
Presence of baleen plates
Two external blowholes

73
Q

Balaenidae

A

Right whales

74
Q

Balaenopteridae

A

Rorquals

75
Q

Eschrictiidae

A

Gray whale

76
Q

Neobalaenidae

A

Pygmy right whale

77
Q

Baleen

A

is a structure made of protein that is used by baleen whales to filter food from the water

78
Q

Keratin

A

is a tough protein that makes up baleen

79
Q

Northern Right

A

Eubalaena glacialis

80
Q

Southern Right

A

Eubalaena australis

81
Q

Bowhead

A

Balaena mysticetus

82
Q

Gray whale

A

Eschrichtius robustus

83
Q

Blue whale

A

Balaenoptera musculus

84
Q

Sei whale

A

Balaenoptera borealis

85
Q

Eden’s whale

A

Balaenoptera edeni

86
Q

Antarctic Minke

A

Balaenoptera bonaerensis

87
Q

fin

A

Balaenoptera physalus

88
Q

Bryde’s

A

Balaenoptera brydei

89
Q

Minke

A

Balaenoptera acutorostrata

90
Q

Omura’s

A

Balaenoptera omurai

91
Q

Humpback

A

megaptera novaeangliae

92
Q

Toothed Whales
(Suborder)

A

(Suborder Odontoceti)
characterized by:
Teeth
Echolocation
One external
blowhole

10 Families

93
Q

Family Ziphiidae

A

Beaked Whales
Relatively poorly known; diverse group

Characterized by a snout drawn into a beak

Inhabit deep ocean basins

Most information
comes from
strandings &
whaling

94
Q

Family Physeteridae

A

Physeter macrocephalus – Sperm whale

95
Q

Sperm whale

A

Physeter macrocephalus

96
Q

Spermaceti

A

is a waxy substance found within the rostrum of sperm whales (dolphin melon)

97
Q

Ambergris

A

is a section of the sperm whale’s digestive tract; base for perfumes

98
Q

Family Kogiidae

A

Kogia breviceps – Pygmy sperm whale
Kogia sima – Dwarf sperm whale

99
Q

Pygmy sperm whale

A

Kogia breviceps

100
Q

Dwarf sperm whale

A

Kogia sima

101
Q

Family Platanistidae

A

Platanista gangetica - Ganges & Indus river
Asian River dolphins - blind

Long, narrow beak, numerous pointed teeth, broad paddle-like flippers

102
Q

Family Pontoporiidae

A

Rivers of South America (Atlantic)
Pontoporia blainvillei - Franciscana

103
Q

Family Iniidae

A

Inia geoffrensis - Bouto

Found in Amazon river
Exclusively freshwater; reduced eyes
Elongate rostrum
Conical front teeth;
Molariform back teeth

104
Q

Family Lipotidae

A

Lipotes vexillifer – Baiji, Chinese River

Found in Yangtze river
Long narrow upturned beak, low triangular dorsal fin
broad flippers
very small eyes

105
Q

Family Delphinidae

A

Oceanic dolphins

106
Q

Dephinids

A

is the collective term for members of the cetacean family Delphinidae, specifically dolphins
Most diverse cetacean family – 17 genera
Includes dolphins and “whales”
- bottlenose dolphin, spinner dolphin, pilot whale, killer whale (Orca:) is another name for a killer whale (based on genus)

107
Q

Family Phocoenidae

A

Porpoises

108
Q

Family Monodontidae

A

Delphinapterus leucas - Beluga
onodon monoceros - Narwhal

109
Q

Echolocation

A

is the process that allows toothed whales to use sound to distinguish objects from distance

110
Q

Orientation clicks

A

are low frequency clicks used in echolocation that give an animal a general idea of its surroundings

111
Q

Discrimination clicks

A

are high frequency clicks used in echolocation that give an animal a precise picture of a particular object

112
Q

Signature whistle

A

is a unique sound produced by a dolphin to identify an individual

113
Q

Melon

A

is an oval mass of fatty, waxy material in a dolphin’s head that functions in directing and focusing the sounds used in echolocation

114
Q

Ganges & Indus river dolphin

A

Platanista gangetica

115
Q

Franciscana
dolphin

A

Pontoporia blainvillei

116
Q

Bouto river

A

Inia geoffrensis

117
Q

Baiji, Chinese River dolphin

A

Lipotes vexillifer

118
Q

Finless Porpoise

A

Neophocoena Phocaenoides

119
Q

Spectacled Porpoise

A

Phocoena Dioptrica

120
Q

Burmeister’s Porpoise

A

Phocoena Spinipinnis

121
Q

Vaquita porpoise

A

Phocoena Sinus

122
Q

Harbor Porpoise

A

Phocoena Phocoena

123
Q

Dall’s Porpoise

A

Phocoenoides Dalli

124
Q

Narwhal

A

Monodon monoceros

125
Q

Beluga

A

Delphinapterus leucas

MARE 171 (10 decks)

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