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MARE 171 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Ecosystem

A

system composed of living organisms and their physical environment

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2
Q

Biosphere

A

is composed of all of the earth’s ecosystems; all are interconnected

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3
Q

Environment

A

consists of all of the external factors acting on that organism

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4
Q

Abiotic Factors

A

physical factors; temperature,
salinity, pH, sunlight

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5
Q

Biotic Factors

A

biological factors; living organisms and their interactions with each other (plants & animals)

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6
Q

Habitat

A

specific place where an organism is found

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7
Q

Microhabitats

A

smaller subdivisions of a habitat

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8
Q

Homeostasis

A

the internal steady state of a cell or an organism

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9
Q

Optimal Range

A

range of environmental factors to which an organism is best adapted

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10
Q

Zones of Stress

A

regions above and below the optimal range of environmental variables

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11
Q

Zones of Intolerance

A

regions where an environmental variable is so far from optimal range that the organism cannot survive

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12
Q

Phytoplankton

A

are photosynthetic organisms (mostly microscopic plantlike organisms and bacteria) that float in the oceans currents

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13
Q

Ectotherms

A

animals that obtain most of their body heat from the environment

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14
Q

Endotherms

A

animals that obtain most of their body heat from metabolism

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15
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur within cells

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16
Q

Salinity

A

a measure of the concentration of dissolved inorganic salts in the water

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17
Q

Solutes

A

substances dissolved in water

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18
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

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19
Q

Nutrients

A

organic and inorganic materials that an organism needs to metabolize, grow, and reproduce

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20
Q

Limiting nutrients

A

those that limit the distribution of marine organisms (e.g. Nitrogen)

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21
Q

Eutrophication

A

the process whereby a body of water becomes enriched with nutrients

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22
Q

Oxygen

A

byproduct of photosynthesis via phytoplankton, seaweeds, and plants

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23
Q

Geographic Range

A

geographic area within which a population is found

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23
Q

Aerobic Organisms (aerobes)

A

organisms that require oxygen; plants, algae, animals, and the majority of marine microbes

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23
Q

Population

A

is a group of the same species that occupies a specific area
- every population has geographic boundaries

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24
Q

Anaerobic Organisms (anaerobes)

A

organisms that can survive in an environment that lacks oxygen; deep sea, sediments, salt marshes

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24
Q

Sampling techniques

A

used to estimate population size
Can estimate size by dividing into smaller plots, counting total in plots and multiplying
Can also estimate size by using mark-recapture methods

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25
Q

Population Density

A

the number of individuals per unit area or volume

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26
Q

Dispersion

A

pattern of spacing among individuals within the range

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27
Q

Clumped

A

densely packed into patches

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28
Q

Uniform

A

individuals are evenly spaced

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29
Q

Random

A

spacing unpredictable pattern

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30
Q

Generation Time

A

average time between an individual’s birth and the birth of its offspring

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31
Q

Survivorship

A

Refers to how long, on average, an individual of given age could be expected to live

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32
Q

Survivorship Curves

A

Type I: Low early mortality
Few offspring, Good care
Whales)
Type III: High mortality early
Many offspring, Little care
(Fishes, Bivalves)
Type II: Constant mortality

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33
Q

Life History

A

Can be divided into three phases: birth, reproduction, death

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34
Q

Clutch Size (fecundity)

A

number of offspring
produced each time an
organism reproduces

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35
Q

Once

A

all energy into one event

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36
Q

Repeatedly

A

must divide energy among maintenance, growth, and reproduction

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37
Q

Age at First Reproduction

A

Timing can impact reproductive output (earlier) and quality and size (later)

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38
Q

Biological fitness

A

survival of offspring to reproduce

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39
Q

Recruitment

A

addition of new members to a population through reproduction or immigration

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40
Q

Larval Settlement

A

aquatic larvae leave the water column and settle on the bottom

41
Q

Density-Dependent Factor

A

population regulating factors that have a greater effect as the population size increases (availability of resources)

42
Q

Density-Independent Factor

A

population regulating factors that are not related to population size (climate & weather)

43
Q

r-Strategist

A

an organism that reproduces early and produces large numbers of offspring

44
Q

K-Strategist

A

an organism that seems to maximize its carrying capacity

45
Q

Community

A

a group of interacting populations that inhabit a specific area

46
Q

Niche

A

role a species plays in a community

47
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

broadest possible niche a population can occupy

48
Q

Realized Niche

A

portion of a fundamental niche that a population actually occupies

49
Q

Interspecific Competition

A

competition between species

50
Q

Intraspecific Competition

A

competition among members of the same species

51
Q

Competitive Exclusion

A

local extinction of the less successful competitor in a competitive situation

52
Q

Resource Partitioning

A

a process that
allows organisms to share a resource

53
Q

Herbivores

A

animals that eat vegetation

54
Q

Carnivores

A

animals that eat other animals

55
Q

Keystone Species

A

A species that effects the population of any species more that one trophic level away from it.

56
Q

Symbiosis

A

situation in which two different organisms live together in close association

57
Q

Mutualism

A

both
partners benefit

58
Q

Commensalism

A

One partner benefits;
the other does not but
is not harmed

59
Q

Parasitism

A

one partner benefits at the expense of the other

60
Q

Host

A

member that supports
the parasite and is harmed
by the relationship

61
Q

Photosynthesis

A

process whereby the energy of sunlight is captured and stored in organic molecules

62
Q

Autotroph (producer)

A

organism that can produce its own food

63
Q

Primary Productivity

A

the rate at which energy-rich food molecules are being produced from inorganic materials

64
Q

Light-Dark Bottle method

A

experimental method for determining primary production

65
Q

Light bottle

A

oxygen levels should either increase or decrease less than dark bottle (depending if Photosynthesis > Respiration)

66
Q

Dark bottle

A

oxygen levels should decrease due to respiration (no photosynthesis)

67
Q

Heterotrophs (consumers)

A

organism that relies on other organisms for food

68
Q

First-order (primary consumers)

A

animals that feed on producers

69
Q

Second-order (secondary consumer)

A

carnivores that feed on herbivores

70
Q

Third order (tertiary consumers)

A

carnivores that feed on carnivores

71
Q

Omnivores

A

organism that relies on other organisms for food

72
Q

Detritivores

A

organisms that feed on detritus (animal waste and decaying tissue)

73
Q

Decomposers

A

animals that break down the tissue of dead organisms and recycle nutrients

74
Q

Food Chain

A

linear feeding relationship that links producers and consumers

75
Q

Food Web

A

complex
network of feeding
relationships among
producers and
consumers

76
Q

Dissolved Organic
Matter (DOM)

A

lost in
water column

77
Q

Trophic Levels

A

position a food chain or web that indicates an organism’s feeding relationship

78
Q

Ecological Efficiency

A

the % of energy that is taken as food by one trophic level and passed on as food to the next higher level

79
Q

10% Rule

A

on average only 10% of the energy available at one trophic is passed along to the next

80
Q

Energy Pyramid

A

represents the flow of energy from one trophic level to the next
Shows that energy decreases with each level and number of organisms it supports

81
Q

Pyramid of Biomass

A

pyramid representing amount of all living tissue at each trophic level

82
Q

Pyramid of Numbers

A

indicates relative number of all organisms at each trophic level

83
Q

Biogeochemical Cycle

A

combination of all biological, physical, and chemical processes that are involved in recycling nutrients in an ecosystem

84
Q

Precipitation nuclei

A

airborne particulates that attract water droplets; e.g. Sea salts

85
Q

Carbon Cycle

A

CO2 reacts with seawater to form carbonic acid which forms bicarbonate ions which combine with calcium to form calcium carbonate

86
Q

Pelagic Division

A

the water portion of the ocean

87
Q

Water column

A

water in the ocean

88
Q

Benthic Division

A

ocean bottom

89
Q

Neretic Province

A

water over
continental shelf

90
Q

Oceanic Province

A

water covers
deep ocean basins

91
Q

Photic Zone

A

region of the water
column where sunlight can
support photosynthesis

92
Q

Disphotic (Twilight) Zone

A

region where not enough light
for photosynthesis

93
Q

Aphotic Zone

A

region where
sunlight is absent

94
Q

Plankton

A

organisms that drift in ocean currents

95
Q

Nekton

A

organisms that are active swimmers and can move against the ocean currents

96
Q

Neuston

A

small plankton that float at or near the surface of the ocean

97
Q

Intertidal Zone

A

region of ocean
bottom covered with water
only during high tide

98
Q

Shelf Zone

A

region of ocean
bottom that extends from the
line of lowest tide to the edge of
the continental shelf

99
Q

Bathyl Zone

A

region of ocean
bottom that extends from the
edge of the continental shelf
to a depth of 4,000m

100
Q

Abyssal Zone

A

4,000-6,000m

101
Q

Hadal Zone

A

> 6,000m

102
Q

Epifauna

A

benthic organisms that live on bottom sediments

103
Q

Infauna

A

benthic organisms that live in bottom sediments

MARE 171 (10 decks)

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