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MARE 171 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Four Shared Characteristics of Animals

A

Animals are multicellular

2) Animal cells are eukaryotic & lack cell walls

3) Animals cannot produce their own food

4) Animals can actively move (at some point in their life history)

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2
Q

Invertebrates

A

animals that lack a backbone

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3
Q

Vertebrates

A

animals that have a backbone

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4
Q

Sponges (Phylum Porifera)

Sponges

A

simple, asymmetrical, sessile animals

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5
Q

Sessile

Sponges

A

permanently attached to a solid surface

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6
Q

Ostia

Sponges

A

holes in the body of sponges through which water enters

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7
Q

Spongocoel

Sponges

A

cavity in the body of a sponge

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8
Q

Osculum

Sponges

A

opening through which a sponge expels water

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9
Q

Tissues

Sponges

A

groups of specialized cells that preform a specific function (lacking in sponges)

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10
Q

Collar Cells (Choanocytes)

Sponges

A

flagellated cells in a sponge that circulates water and traps food

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11
Q

Pinacocytes

Sponges

A

Cells that make up the outer covering of a sponge and line the internal chambers not lined by choanocytes

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12
Q

Archaeocytes

Sponges

A

cells that form any of the cell types in the sponge’s body

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13
Q

Spicules

Sponges

A

structures that support a sponge’s body; made of CaCO3, silica, or spongin

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14
Q

Spongin

Sponges

A

a protein that makes up flexible spicules

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15
Q

Sponge Body Forms

Sponges

A

size limited by ability to circulate water and body form

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16
Q

Asconoid

Sponges

A

type of sponge body that lacks invagination; simple, tubular, small, found in clusters

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17
Q

Syconoid

Sponges

A

type of sponge body with a single spongocoel containing many invaginations; pockets lined with choanocytes

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18
Q

Leuconoid

Sponges

A

type of sponge body with multiple spongocoels and chambers leading to them; chambers lined with choanocytes, most complex / largest sponges

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19
Q

Suspension Feeder

A

an organism that feeds on food suspended in the water (20% of feeding via phagocytosis)

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20
Q

Filter Feeders

Sponges

A

an organism that filters its food from the water (80% of feeding; trapped by collar or on choanocyte cell surface)

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21
Q

Budding

Sponges

A

a type of asexual reproduction in which a group of cells on the surface of the parent develop into a new individual

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22
Q

Hermaphrodites

Sponges

A

are animals that can produce both male and female gametes
Sperm – formed from modified choanocytes
Eggs – usually develop from archaeocytes

Stimulus to produce gametes is caused by changes in water temperature and

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23
Q

Photoperiod

Sponges

A

the relative amount of light and darkness in a 24-hour period

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24
Q

Sponge Competition

Sponges

A

Compete with corals and bryozoans; make chemicals that kill corals

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25
Sponge Predators ## Footnote Sponges
silica spicules inhibit grazing; fed on by a few fish and molluscs and hawksbill sea turtles
26
Sponge Symbiosis ## Footnote Sponges
symbiotic bacteria, cyanobacteria, shrimp, and fishes
27
Cnidarian ## Footnote Cnidarians
an animal that belongs to Phylum Cnidaria; named for Cnidocyte
28
Cnidocyte ## Footnote Cnidarians
a stinging cell found in all cnidarians
29
Radial Symmetry ## Footnote Cnidarians
the organization of body parts around a central axis
30
Polyp ## Footnote Cnidarians
the generally benthic form of cnidarian characterized by a cylindrical body with an opening at one end, usually surrounded by tentacles
31
Medusa ## Footnote Cnidarians
the free-floating form of a cnidarian that resembles and umbrella
32
Epidermis ## Footnote Cnidarians
an outer layer of cells
33
Gastrovascular Cavity ## Footnote Cnidarians
a large cavity found within the body of some animals
34
Gastrodermis ## Footnote Cnidarians
the layer of cells that lines the gastrovascular cavity
35
Mesoglea ## Footnote Cnidarians
the gelatinous material found between the epidermis and gastrodermis of cnidarians
36
Cnida ## Footnote Cnidarians
is the stinging organelle of a cnidocyte
37
Nematocyst ## Footnote Cnidarians
a spearing type of cnida
38
Cnidocil ## Footnote Cnidarians
a short bristle-like structure that acts as a trigger for a cnidocyte
39
Hydrozoans(hydroids) ## Footnote Cnidarians
mostly colonial cnidarians that belong to Class Hydrozoa; - composed of individual members that are physically connected and adapted to share resources (food)
40
gastrozooid ## Footnote Cnidarians
a poylp in a hydrozoan colony that captures food for the colony
41
gonangium ## Footnote Cnidarians
a polyp in a hydrozoan colony that asexually reproduces hydrozoan medusae
42
Scyphozoans (True jellyfish) ## Footnote Cnidarians
are cnidarians known as jellyfish belonging to the Class Scyphozoa
43
Photoreceptors ## Footnote Cnidarians
light sensing organs; use to determine light or dark
44
Cubozoans (Box jellyfish) ## Footnote Cnidarians
are cnidarians known as box jellyfish belonging to the Class Cubozoa
45
Anthozoans (Anemonies, corals, gorgonians) ## Footnote Cnidarians
are benthic cnidarians belonging to the Class Anthozoa; Sessile and Sedentary
46
Sedentary ## Footnote Cnidarians
animals that can move but spend the majority of time staying in one place
47
Acrorhagi ## Footnote Cnidarians
specialized tentacles found in some anemones that are used to prevent other anemones from getting too close
48
Scleractinian Corals ## Footnote Cnidarians
corals with hard skeletons of CaCO3
49
Octocorals ## Footnote Cnidarians
soft corals whose polyps have 8 tentacles
50
Gorgonians ## Footnote Cnidarians
soft corals that belong to the order Gorgonacea
51
Gastrovascular cavity ## Footnote Cnidarians
functions both in digestion and movement of materials; waste forced back through the mouth
52
Planular larvae ## Footnote Cnidarians
the planktonic larval stage of a cnidarian
53
Reproduction: Hydrozoans ## Footnote Cnidarians
Asexual (polyp) and Sexual (Medusa) stages Planular larvae: the planktonic larval stage of a cnidarian
54
Reproduction: Scyphozoans ## Footnote Cnidarians
Sexes generally separate; medusa sexual stage, produce planula larvae, form polyp, produce medusa-like buds by asexual reproduction
55
Reproduction: Anthozoans ## Footnote Cnidarians
- Asexual reproduction common Pedal Laceration: a type of asexual reproduction that occurs in sea anemones in which a portion of the animal’s base (Pedal Disk) is broken off and forms a new individual
56
Pedal Laceration ## Footnote Cnidarians
a type of asexual reproduction that occurs in sea anemones in which a portion of the animal’s base (Pedal Disk) is broken off and forms a new individual
57
Fission ## Footnote Cnidarians
a type of asexual reproduction that occurs in sea anemones in which the anemone splits into two and each half develops into a new individual
58
Ecological Roles of Cnidarians ## Footnote Cnidarians
Predator-Prey Habitat Symbiosis
59
Ctenophores (Comb Jellies) ## Footnote Ctenophores (Comb Jellies)
are gelatinous zooplankton belonging to the Phylum Ctenophora - Nearly transparent; eight rows of comb plates (Ctenes): rows of cilia used by
60
Ctenes ## Footnote Ctenophores (Comb Jellies)
rows of cilia used by ctenophores for locomotion
61
Statocyst ## Footnote Ctenophores (Comb Jellies)
an organ found in some animals that helps them maintain equilibrium
62
Colloblasts ## Footnote Ctenophores (Comb Jellies)
are specialized adhesive cells found on the tentacles of some ctenophores and are used to capture prey
63
Cydippid Larva ## Footnote Ctenophores (Comb Jellies)
planktonic larva of a ctenophore
64
Bilateral Symmetry ## Footnote Ctenophores (Comb Jellies)
a type of body organization in which the body parts are arranged in such a way that only one plane through the midline of the central axis divides
65
Midsaggital Plane ## Footnote Ctenophores (Comb Jellies)
a plane through the midline of the central axis of an animal
66
Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes) ## Footnote Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
- flattened bodies and exhibit bilateral symmetry
67
Cephalization ## Footnote Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
the evolutionary process whereby sense organs became concentrated in the head of an animal
68
Turbellarians ## Footnote Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
Non-parasitic flatworms; are considered Meiofauna: tiny invertebrates that live in the spaces between sediment particles
69
Meiofauna ## Footnote Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
tiny invertebrates that live in the spaces between sediment particles
70
Flukes ## Footnote Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
parasitic flatworms with complex life cycles
71
Tapeworms ## Footnote Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
parasitic flatworms that live in the intestines of animals
72
Chemoreceptors ## Footnote Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
Sense organs that can detect chemicals in the environment; used to detect prey
73
Pharynx ## Footnote Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
a muscular tube that forms part of an animals digestive system; used to ingest prey
74
Ribbon Worms (Phylum Nemertea) ## Footnote Ribbon Worms (Phylum Nemertea)
animals with ribbon-like bodies in Phylum Nemertea Are primarily carnivorous and feed with a Proboscis: a tube-like structure used by ribbon worms to capture prey
75
Proboscis ## Footnote Ribbon Worms (Phylum Nemertea)
a tube-like structure used by ribbon worms to capture prey
76
Lophophorates ## Footnote Ribbon Worms (Phylum Nemertea)
sessile animals belonging to several phyla (Phoronida, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda) that share the common feature of a feeding device known as a Lophophore: an arrangement of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding and gas exchange in lophophorates
77
Lophophore ## Footnote Ribbon Worms (Phylum Nemertea)
an arrangement of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding and gas exchange in lophophorates
78
Phoronids ## Footnote Phoronids
Worm-like animals belonging to phylum Phoronida; feed on plankton, have a planktonic larval stage
79
Bryozoans
Small animals belonging to the phylum Ectoprocta; colonial – individuals are knows as Zooids
80
Brachiopod
an animal belonging to the phylum Brachiopoda that resembles a bivalve mollusc

MARE 171 (10 decks)

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