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MARE 171 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Four Shared Characteristics of Animals

A

Animals are multicellular

2) Animal cells are eukaryotic & lack cell walls

3) Animals cannot produce their own food

4) Animals can actively move (at some point in their life history)

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2
Q

Invertebrates

A

animals that lack a backbone

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3
Q

Vertebrates

A

animals that have a backbone

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4
Q

Sponges (Phylum Porifera)

Sponges

A

simple, asymmetrical, sessile animals

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5
Q

Sessile

Sponges

A

permanently attached to a solid surface

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6
Q

Ostia

Sponges

A

holes in the body of sponges through which water enters

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7
Q

Spongocoel

Sponges

A

cavity in the body of a sponge

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8
Q

Osculum

Sponges

A

opening through which a sponge expels water

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9
Q

Tissues

Sponges

A

groups of specialized cells that preform a specific function (lacking in sponges)

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10
Q

Collar Cells (Choanocytes)

Sponges

A

flagellated cells in a sponge that circulates water and traps food

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11
Q

Pinacocytes

Sponges

A

Cells that make up the outer covering of a sponge and line the internal chambers not lined by choanocytes

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12
Q

Archaeocytes

Sponges

A

cells that form any of the cell types in the sponge’s body

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13
Q

Spicules

Sponges

A

structures that support a sponge’s body; made of CaCO3, silica, or spongin

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14
Q

Spongin

Sponges

A

a protein that makes up flexible spicules

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15
Q

Sponge Body Forms

Sponges

A

size limited by ability to circulate water and body form

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16
Q

Asconoid

Sponges

A

type of sponge body that lacks invagination; simple, tubular, small, found in clusters

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17
Q

Syconoid

Sponges

A

type of sponge body with a single spongocoel containing many invaginations; pockets lined with choanocytes

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18
Q

Leuconoid

Sponges

A

type of sponge body with multiple spongocoels and chambers leading to them; chambers lined with choanocytes, most complex / largest sponges

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19
Q

Suspension Feeder

A

an organism that feeds on food suspended in the water (20% of feeding via phagocytosis)

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20
Q

Filter Feeders

Sponges

A

an organism that filters its food from the water (80% of feeding; trapped by collar or on choanocyte cell surface)

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21
Q

Budding

Sponges

A

a type of asexual reproduction in which a group of cells on the surface of the parent develop into a new individual

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22
Q

Hermaphrodites

Sponges

A

are animals that can produce both male and female gametes
Sperm – formed from modified choanocytes
Eggs – usually develop from archaeocytes

Stimulus to produce gametes is caused by changes in water temperature and

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23
Q

Photoperiod

Sponges

A

the relative amount of light and darkness in a 24-hour period

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24
Q

Sponge Competition

Sponges

A

Compete with corals and bryozoans; make chemicals that kill corals

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25
Q

Sponge Predators

Sponges

A

silica spicules inhibit grazing; fed on by a few fish and molluscs and hawksbill sea turtles

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26
Q

Sponge Symbiosis

Sponges

A

symbiotic bacteria, cyanobacteria, shrimp, and fishes

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27
Q

Cnidarian

Cnidarians

A

an animal that belongs to Phylum Cnidaria; named for Cnidocyte

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28
Q

Cnidocyte

Cnidarians

A

a stinging cell found in all cnidarians

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29
Q

Radial Symmetry

Cnidarians

A

the organization of body parts around a central axis

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30
Q

Polyp

Cnidarians

A

the generally benthic form of cnidarian characterized by a cylindrical body with an opening at one end, usually surrounded by tentacles

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31
Q

Medusa

Cnidarians

A

the free-floating form of a cnidarian that resembles and umbrella

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32
Q

Epidermis

Cnidarians

A

an outer layer of cells

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33
Q

Gastrovascular Cavity

Cnidarians

A

a large cavity found within the body of some animals

34
Q

Gastrodermis

Cnidarians

A

the layer of cells that lines the gastrovascular cavity

35
Q

Mesoglea

Cnidarians

A

the gelatinous material found between the epidermis and gastrodermis of cnidarians

36
Q

Cnida

Cnidarians

A

is the stinging organelle of a cnidocyte

37
Q

Nematocyst

Cnidarians

A

a spearing type of cnida

38
Q

Cnidocil

Cnidarians

A

a short bristle-like structure that acts as a trigger for a cnidocyte

39
Q

Hydrozoans(hydroids)

Cnidarians

A

mostly colonial cnidarians that belong to Class Hydrozoa;
- composed of individual members that are physically connected and adapted to share resources (food)

40
Q

gastrozooid

Cnidarians

A

a poylp in a hydrozoan colony that captures food for the colony

41
Q

gonangium

Cnidarians

A

a polyp in a hydrozoan colony that asexually reproduces hydrozoan medusae

42
Q

Scyphozoans (True jellyfish)

Cnidarians

A

are cnidarians known as jellyfish belonging to the Class Scyphozoa

43
Q

Photoreceptors

Cnidarians

A

light sensing organs; use to determine light or dark

44
Q

Cubozoans (Box jellyfish)

Cnidarians

A

are cnidarians known as box jellyfish belonging to the Class Cubozoa

45
Q

Anthozoans (Anemonies, corals, gorgonians)

Cnidarians

A

are benthic cnidarians belonging to the Class Anthozoa; Sessile and

Sedentary

46
Q

Sedentary

Cnidarians

A

animals that can move but spend the majority of time staying in one place

47
Q

Acrorhagi

Cnidarians

A

specialized tentacles found in some anemones that are used to prevent other anemones from getting too close

48
Q

Scleractinian Corals

Cnidarians

A

corals with hard skeletons of CaCO3

49
Q

Octocorals

Cnidarians

A

soft corals whose polyps have 8 tentacles

50
Q

Gorgonians

Cnidarians

A

soft corals that belong to the order Gorgonacea

51
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

Cnidarians

A

functions both in digestion and movement of materials; waste forced back through the mouth

52
Q

Planular larvae

Cnidarians

A

the planktonic larval stage of a cnidarian

53
Q

Reproduction: Hydrozoans

Cnidarians

A

Asexual (polyp) and Sexual (Medusa) stages

Planular larvae: the planktonic larval stage of a cnidarian

54
Q

Reproduction: Scyphozoans

Cnidarians

A

Sexes generally separate; medusa sexual stage, produce planula larvae, form polyp, produce medusa-like buds by asexual reproduction

55
Q

Reproduction: Anthozoans

Cnidarians

A
  • Asexual reproduction common
    Pedal Laceration: a type of asexual reproduction that occurs in sea anemones in which a portion of the animal’s base (Pedal Disk) is broken off and forms a new individual
56
Q

Pedal Laceration

Cnidarians

A

a type of asexual reproduction that occurs in sea anemones in which a portion of the animal’s base (Pedal Disk) is broken off and forms a new individual

57
Q

Fission

Cnidarians

A

a type of asexual reproduction that occurs in sea anemones in which the anemone splits into two and each half develops into a new individual

58
Q

Ecological Roles of Cnidarians

Cnidarians

A

Predator-Prey
Habitat
Symbiosis

59
Q

Ctenophores (Comb Jellies)

Ctenophores (Comb Jellies)

A

are gelatinous zooplankton belonging to the Phylum Ctenophora
- Nearly transparent; eight rows of comb plates (Ctenes): rows of cilia used by

60
Q

Ctenes

Ctenophores (Comb Jellies)

A

rows of cilia used by ctenophores for locomotion

61
Q

Statocyst

Ctenophores (Comb Jellies)

A

an organ found in some animals that helps them maintain equilibrium

62
Q

Colloblasts

Ctenophores (Comb Jellies)

A

are specialized adhesive cells found on the tentacles of some ctenophores and are used to capture prey

63
Q

Cydippid Larva

Ctenophores (Comb Jellies)

A

planktonic larva of a ctenophore

64
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

Ctenophores (Comb Jellies)

A

a type of body organization in which the body parts are arranged in such a way that only one plane through the midline of the central axis divides

65
Q

Midsaggital Plane

Ctenophores (Comb Jellies)

A

a plane through the midline of the central axis of an animal

66
Q

Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)

Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)

A
  • flattened bodies and exhibit bilateral symmetry
67
Q

Cephalization

Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)

A

the evolutionary process whereby sense organs became concentrated in the head of an animal

68
Q

Turbellarians

Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)

A

Non-parasitic flatworms; are considered Meiofauna: tiny invertebrates that live in the spaces between sediment particles

69
Q

Meiofauna

Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)

A

tiny invertebrates that live in the spaces between sediment particles

70
Q

Flukes

Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)

A

parasitic flatworms with complex life cycles

71
Q

Tapeworms

Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)

A

parasitic flatworms that live in the intestines of animals

72
Q

Chemoreceptors

Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)

A

Sense organs that can detect chemicals in the environment; used to detect prey

73
Q

Pharynx

Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)

A

a muscular tube that forms part of an animals digestive system; used to ingest prey

74
Q

Ribbon Worms (Phylum Nemertea)

Ribbon Worms (Phylum Nemertea)

A

animals with ribbon-like bodies in Phylum Nemertea
Are primarily carnivorous and feed with a Proboscis: a tube-like structure used by ribbon worms to capture prey

75
Q

Proboscis

Ribbon Worms (Phylum Nemertea)

A

a tube-like structure used by ribbon worms to capture prey

76
Q

Lophophorates

Ribbon Worms (Phylum Nemertea)

A

sessile animals belonging to several phyla (Phoronida, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda) that share the common feature of a feeding device known as a
Lophophore: an arrangement of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding and gas exchange in lophophorates

77
Q

Lophophore

Ribbon Worms (Phylum Nemertea)

A

an arrangement of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding and gas exchange in lophophorates

78
Q

Phoronids

Phoronids

A

Worm-like animals belonging to phylum Phoronida; feed on plankton, have a planktonic larval stage

79
Q

Bryozoans

A

Small animals belonging to the phylum Ectoprocta; colonial – individuals are knows as Zooids

80
Q

Brachiopod

A

an animal belonging to the phylum Brachiopoda that resembles a bivalve mollusc

MARE 171 (10 decks)

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