Chapter 8 Flashcards
Four Shared Characteristics of Animals
Animals are multicellular
2) Animal cells are eukaryotic & lack cell walls
3) Animals cannot produce their own food
4) Animals can actively move (at some point in their life history)
Invertebrates
animals that lack a backbone
Vertebrates
animals that have a backbone
Sponges (Phylum Porifera)
Sponges
simple, asymmetrical, sessile animals
Sessile
Sponges
permanently attached to a solid surface
Ostia
Sponges
holes in the body of sponges through which water enters
Spongocoel
Sponges
cavity in the body of a sponge
Osculum
Sponges
opening through which a sponge expels water
Tissues
Sponges
groups of specialized cells that preform a specific function (lacking in sponges)
Collar Cells (Choanocytes)
Sponges
flagellated cells in a sponge that circulates water and traps food
Pinacocytes
Sponges
Cells that make up the outer covering of a sponge and line the internal chambers not lined by choanocytes
Archaeocytes
Sponges
cells that form any of the cell types in the sponge’s body
Spicules
Sponges
structures that support a sponge’s body; made of CaCO3, silica, or spongin
Spongin
Sponges
a protein that makes up flexible spicules
Sponge Body Forms
Sponges
size limited by ability to circulate water and body form
Asconoid
Sponges
type of sponge body that lacks invagination; simple, tubular, small, found in clusters
Syconoid
Sponges
type of sponge body with a single spongocoel containing many invaginations; pockets lined with choanocytes
Leuconoid
Sponges
type of sponge body with multiple spongocoels and chambers leading to them; chambers lined with choanocytes, most complex / largest sponges
Suspension Feeder
an organism that feeds on food suspended in the water (20% of feeding via phagocytosis)
Filter Feeders
Sponges
an organism that filters its food from the water (80% of feeding; trapped by collar or on choanocyte cell surface)
Budding
Sponges
a type of asexual reproduction in which a group of cells on the surface of the parent develop into a new individual
Hermaphrodites
Sponges
are animals that can produce both male and female gametes
Sperm – formed from modified choanocytes
Eggs – usually develop from archaeocytes
Stimulus to produce gametes is caused by changes in water temperature and
Photoperiod
Sponges
the relative amount of light and darkness in a 24-hour period
Sponge Competition
Sponges
Compete with corals and bryozoans; make chemicals that kill corals
Sponge Predators
Sponges
silica spicules inhibit grazing; fed on by a few fish and molluscs and hawksbill sea turtles
Sponge Symbiosis
Sponges
symbiotic bacteria, cyanobacteria, shrimp, and fishes
Cnidarian
Cnidarians
an animal that belongs to Phylum Cnidaria; named for Cnidocyte
Cnidocyte
Cnidarians
a stinging cell found in all cnidarians
Radial Symmetry
Cnidarians
the organization of body parts around a central axis
Polyp
Cnidarians
the generally benthic form of cnidarian characterized by a cylindrical body with an opening at one end, usually surrounded by tentacles
Medusa
Cnidarians
the free-floating form of a cnidarian that resembles and umbrella
Epidermis
Cnidarians
an outer layer of cells
Gastrovascular Cavity
Cnidarians
a large cavity found within the body of some animals
Gastrodermis
Cnidarians
the layer of cells that lines the gastrovascular cavity
Mesoglea
Cnidarians
the gelatinous material found between the epidermis and gastrodermis of cnidarians
Cnida
Cnidarians
is the stinging organelle of a cnidocyte
Nematocyst
Cnidarians
a spearing type of cnida
Cnidocil
Cnidarians
a short bristle-like structure that acts as a trigger for a cnidocyte
Hydrozoans(hydroids)
Cnidarians
mostly colonial cnidarians that belong to Class Hydrozoa;
- composed of individual members that are physically connected and adapted to share resources (food)
gastrozooid
Cnidarians
a poylp in a hydrozoan colony that captures food for the colony
gonangium
Cnidarians
a polyp in a hydrozoan colony that asexually reproduces hydrozoan medusae
Scyphozoans (True jellyfish)
Cnidarians
are cnidarians known as jellyfish belonging to the Class Scyphozoa
Photoreceptors
Cnidarians
light sensing organs; use to determine light or dark
Cubozoans (Box jellyfish)
Cnidarians
are cnidarians known as box jellyfish belonging to the Class Cubozoa
Anthozoans (Anemonies, corals, gorgonians)
Cnidarians
are benthic cnidarians belonging to the Class Anthozoa; Sessile and
Sedentary
Sedentary
Cnidarians
animals that can move but spend the majority of time staying in one place
Acrorhagi
Cnidarians
specialized tentacles found in some anemones that are used to prevent other anemones from getting too close
Scleractinian Corals
Cnidarians
corals with hard skeletons of CaCO3
Octocorals
Cnidarians
soft corals whose polyps have 8 tentacles
Gorgonians
Cnidarians
soft corals that belong to the order Gorgonacea
Gastrovascular cavity
Cnidarians
functions both in digestion and movement of materials; waste forced back through the mouth
Planular larvae
Cnidarians
the planktonic larval stage of a cnidarian
Reproduction: Hydrozoans
Cnidarians
Asexual (polyp) and Sexual (Medusa) stages
Planular larvae: the planktonic larval stage of a cnidarian
Reproduction: Scyphozoans
Cnidarians
Sexes generally separate; medusa sexual stage, produce planula larvae, form polyp, produce medusa-like buds by asexual reproduction
Reproduction: Anthozoans
Cnidarians
- Asexual reproduction common
Pedal Laceration: a type of asexual reproduction that occurs in sea anemones in which a portion of the animal’s base (Pedal Disk) is broken off and forms a new individual
Pedal Laceration
Cnidarians
a type of asexual reproduction that occurs in sea anemones in which a portion of the animal’s base (Pedal Disk) is broken off and forms a new individual
Fission
Cnidarians
a type of asexual reproduction that occurs in sea anemones in which the anemone splits into two and each half develops into a new individual
Ecological Roles of Cnidarians
Cnidarians
Predator-Prey
Habitat
Symbiosis
Ctenophores (Comb Jellies)
Ctenophores (Comb Jellies)
are gelatinous zooplankton belonging to the Phylum Ctenophora
- Nearly transparent; eight rows of comb plates (Ctenes): rows of cilia used by
Ctenes
Ctenophores (Comb Jellies)
rows of cilia used by ctenophores for locomotion
Statocyst
Ctenophores (Comb Jellies)
an organ found in some animals that helps them maintain equilibrium
Colloblasts
Ctenophores (Comb Jellies)
are specialized adhesive cells found on the tentacles of some ctenophores and are used to capture prey
Cydippid Larva
Ctenophores (Comb Jellies)
planktonic larva of a ctenophore
Bilateral Symmetry
Ctenophores (Comb Jellies)
a type of body organization in which the body parts are arranged in such a way that only one plane through the midline of the central axis divides
Midsaggital Plane
Ctenophores (Comb Jellies)
a plane through the midline of the central axis of an animal
Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
- flattened bodies and exhibit bilateral symmetry
Cephalization
Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
the evolutionary process whereby sense organs became concentrated in the head of an animal
Turbellarians
Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
Non-parasitic flatworms; are considered Meiofauna: tiny invertebrates that live in the spaces between sediment particles
Meiofauna
Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
tiny invertebrates that live in the spaces between sediment particles
Flukes
Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
parasitic flatworms with complex life cycles
Tapeworms
Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
parasitic flatworms that live in the intestines of animals
Chemoreceptors
Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
Sense organs that can detect chemicals in the environment; used to detect prey
Pharynx
Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
a muscular tube that forms part of an animals digestive system; used to ingest prey
Ribbon Worms (Phylum Nemertea)
Ribbon Worms (Phylum Nemertea)
animals with ribbon-like bodies in Phylum Nemertea
Are primarily carnivorous and feed with a Proboscis: a tube-like structure used by ribbon worms to capture prey
Proboscis
Ribbon Worms (Phylum Nemertea)
a tube-like structure used by ribbon worms to capture prey
Lophophorates
Ribbon Worms (Phylum Nemertea)
sessile animals belonging to several phyla (Phoronida, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda) that share the common feature of a feeding device known as a
Lophophore: an arrangement of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding and gas exchange in lophophorates
Lophophore
Ribbon Worms (Phylum Nemertea)
an arrangement of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding and gas exchange in lophophorates
Phoronids
Phoronids
Worm-like animals belonging to phylum Phoronida; feed on plankton, have a planktonic larval stage
Bryozoans
Small animals belonging to the phylum Ectoprocta; colonial – individuals are knows as Zooids
Brachiopod
an animal belonging to the phylum Brachiopoda that resembles a bivalve mollusc
