Chapter 1

Question 1

Ocean and Marine Organisms

Answer 1

• Ocean covers over 70% of the earth
  
  • Affects global weather patterns
  • Provides food and vital resources

Question 2

Productivity

Answer 2

the amount of food produced by marine organisms and the number of organisms the ocean can support

Leading area of research in marine ecology
Over 80 million metric tons of marine fish and shellfish harvested annually

Question 3

Oceanography

Answer 3

the study of the oceans and their phenomena

Question 4

Marine Biology

Answer 4

the study of organisms and their reactions with each other and their environment

Question 5

Knowledge of Marine Biology

Answer 5

• Helps us understand how marine organisms relate to us
  
  • Helps us understand how human activities affect the marine environment
  • Helps conscientious citizens make prudent decisions that involve the sea

Question 6

Aristotle

Answer 6

first to develop scheme of classification; “Ladder of life”

Question 7

Pliny the Elder

Answer 7

– Roman naturalist;
works in Natural History

Question 8

Kumulipo

Answer 8

Hawaiian Creation
Chant

Question 9

Jean-Baptiste Lemark

Answer 9

Environment shapes animals, form versus function

Question 10

Georges Cuvier

Answer 10

“father” of Vertebrate Paleontology

Question 11

Charles Darwin

Answer 11

HMS Beagle 1831 – Charles Darwin; observations of atolls
1859 – On the Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection

Question 12

modern sciences of oceanography and marine biology originated

Answer 12

with the Challenger expedition in the 19th century
1876 – 4,700 new species collected
Plankton – term for organisms that drift in ocean current, coined in 1887

Question 13

First marine laboratory in US

Answer 13

was founded by Louis Agassiz in 1873; purpose of helping teachers improve their teaching methods

Question 14

In early 20th century

Answer 14

expeditions were mounted to study the Arctic and Antarctic seas and their inhabitants

Question 15

Marine laboratories

Answer 15

play a vital role in both marine and basic biological research

Question 16

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 16

involves looking at individual observations and proposing a general explanation for them

Question 17

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 17

is the process of reasoning whereby observations suggest a general principle from which a specific statement can be derived

Question 18

Scientific Method

Answer 18

orderly pattern of gathering and analyzing information

Question 19

Step 1

Answer 19

Making observations

Question 20

Step 2

Answer 20

Using inductive reasoning to form a hypothesisHypotheses are formed after a researcher notices patterns or relationships and makes an educated guess as to the probable answer

Question 21

Step 3

Answer 21

Using deductive reasoning to design experiments

Deductive reasoning – observations suggest a principle from which a specific statements can be derived
- used to design experiments and test hypotheses

Question 22

Process of Science

Answer 22

Hypotheses are tested with experiments
Well designed experiments test only one variable at a time

Question 23

Experimental Variable

Answer 23

factor that is altered in an experiment
Two trials are run – each with a different variable

Question 24

Experimental set

Answer 24

has experimental variable

Question 25

Control set

Answer 25

without experimental variable

Question 26

Steps 4 & 5:

Answer 26

Gathering results and drawing conclusions .Conclusions drawn from experiments lead scientists to either accept or reject their hypotheses

Question 27

Observational science

Answer 27

involves observing and describing and possibly theorizing; but not testing

Question 28

Theory

Answer 28

is a body of observations that have stood the test of time