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psychology > chapter 9 > Flashcards

chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

cognition

A

all mental activities assoicated with thinking, knowing, remebering, and communication

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2
Q

metacognition

A

cognition about our cognition; keeping track of and evaluating and our mental processes

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3
Q

concepts

A

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
-similar to schema

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4
Q

prototype

A

mental image or best example of a category
-matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories
-helps make decisions

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5
Q

algorithm

A

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
-very time consuming
-step by step procedure
-ex: walk and look through every shelf to find an octopus

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6
Q

heuristics

A

a simple thinking strategy-a mental shortcut-that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently
-more speedier, but also more error prone

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7
Q

insight

A

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrats with strategy-based solutions
-not strategy-based solution but rather a sudden flash of inspiration that solves a problem
-Aha moment!

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8
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
-predisposes us to verify rather than challenge our hypothesis
-ex: someone does something bad and seeing the good in it

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9
Q

mental set

A

tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
-example of fixation

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10
Q

intuition

A

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
-use unconscious knowledge

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11
Q

representative heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
-based on streotypes

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12
Q

availability heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events as common

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13
Q

overconfidence

A

tendency to be more confident that correct- to overestimate accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

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14
Q

belief preseverance

A

clinging to one’s initial beliefs after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
-pay attention to info we agree to and ignore evidence that proves that the belief is wrong

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15
Q

Framing

A

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments

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16
Q

intuition is what?

A

-implicit knowledge
-adaptive, enabling quick reactions
-huge (constantly affect our judgements

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17
Q

creativity

A

the ability to produce new and valuable ideas
-supported by: ability to learn, intelligence, and working memory

18
Q

convergent thinking

A

narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
-1 solution

19
Q

divergent thinking

A

expands the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions
-multiple solutions

20
Q

Robert Sternberg proposed

A

5 ingredients to creativity:
1. Expertise (well developed knowledge; min. of 10 years)
2. imaginative thinking (divergent thinker)
3. Venturesome personality (determined personality; wants new experiences; challenges)
4. Intrinsic motivation (motivated by what you want to do)
5. creative environment (open office format, bean bags, free snacks)

21
Q

Why do we think animals have cognitive skills?

A

-animals use concepts, numbers, and tools
-transmit learning from one generation to the next
-show insight, self-awareness, altruism, cooperation, and grief

22
Q

Language

A

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
-used to transmit knowledge from one generation to the next

23
Q

Phonemes

A

the smallest distinctive sound units in a language
-ex: sounding out words

24
Q

Morpheme

A

smallest language units that carry meaning
-combine two or more phonemes
-few morpheme are phonemes

25
Q

Grammar

A

language’s set of rules that enable people to communicate

26
Q

semantics

A

deriving meaning from sounds

27
Q

syntax

A

ordering words into sentences

28
Q

Productive language: Babbling stage

A

-begins at 4 months
-spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

29
Q

Productive language: One-word stage

A

-from about age 1 to 2
-child speaks mostly in single words

30
Q

Productive language: two-word stage

A

-beginning at about age 2
-a child speaks mostly in two-word statements
-use telegraphic speech

31
Q

telegraphic speech

A

-child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs
-ex: “go car”

32
Q

Receptive language

A

infants ability to understand what is said to them begins around 4 months

33
Q

production language

A

infants ability to produce words begins around 10 months

34
Q

Critical periods

A

childhood is a critical period for mastering certain aspects of language

35
Q

deafness and language developement

A

-children born to hearing, nonsigning parents typically do not experience language during their early years
-natively deaf children who learn signing after age 9 do not learn sign language, master basic words, or become as fluent as native singers
-late learners show less right hemisphere brain activity in areas related to sign language

36
Q

aphasia

A

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding)

37
Q

Broca’s area

A

-frontal lobe, left hemisphere
-helps control language expression by directing the muscle movements involved in speech

38
Q

wernicke’s area

A

-controls language reception
-brain area involved in language comprehension and expression
-in left temporal lobe

39
Q

animal language processing

A

-some have the basic language skill
-can learn difference between words and nonwords
-sound different alarm cries for different predators

40
Q

Linguistic determinism

A

whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think
-people think differently in different languages
-bilingual parents often switch languages to express emotions
-bilingual children exhibit enhanced social skills by being better able to shift to understand another’s perspective

41
Q

linguistic relativism

A

the idea that language influences the way we think

psychology (12 decks)

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