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psychology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

motivation def

A

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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2
Q

4 perspective for understanding motivated behaviors:

A
  1. evolutionary perspective
  2. Drive-reduction theory
  3. arousal theory
  4. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
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3
Q

Instinct theory

A

-Genetically predisposed behavior
-fixed unlearned pattern throughout species
-genes predispose some species-typical behavior
-the more complex the nervous system, the more adaptable the organism

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4
Q

Drive-reduction theory

A

-responses to inner pushes
-we have physiological needs (like food or water), that drives hunger/thirst, makes us do drive-reducing behaviors like eating or drinking
-one way our bodies strive for homeostasis to maintain balance
-We are pulled by incentives, positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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5
Q

Arousal theory

A

-right levels of stimulation
-motivated behaviors that increase or decrease arousal
-high arousal levels motivate engagement in behaviors that will lower these levels; ex: stress
-low arousal levels motivate activities that can increase arousal ; motivated by curiosity
-Yerkes-Dodson law: performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases (lower arousal is better for our best performance; higher arousal is needed to optimize performance)

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6
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

-pyramid of priority survival-based needs and then social needs more than the needs for esteem and meaning
-physiological need (base), safety, belongingness and love, esteem, self-actualization, self-transcendence (top_

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7
Q

Physiology of Hunger: what do humans automatically do?

A

they automatically regulate caloric intake through a homeostatic system to prevent energy deficits and maintain stable body weight
-stomach contractions
-blood sugar glucose regulation
-appetite hormones
-set point
-basal metabolic rate

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8
Q

Hunger: Glucose def

A

-form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues
-triggers the feeling of hunger when low

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9
Q

Hunger: arcuate nucleus (in hypothalmus)

A

pumps out appetite-suppressing hormones

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10
Q

Appetite hormone: Ghrelin

A

-increases appetite
-secreted by empty stomach; sends “I’m hungry” signals to the brain

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11
Q

Appetite hormone: orexin

A

-increases appetite
-Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

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12
Q

Appetite hormone: Insulin

A

-decreases appetite
-secreted by pancreas; controls blood sugar

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13
Q

Appetite hormone: Leptin

A

-decreases appetite
-Protein hormone secreted by fat cells; causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

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14
Q

Appetite hormone: PYY

A

-decreases appetite
-digestive tract hormone; sends “I’m not hungry” signals to the brain

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15
Q

set point

A

the point at which your “weight thermostat” may be set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight.

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16
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

-the body’s resting rate of energy output
-metabolism will increase/decrease based on how much you eat

-exercise, eating regularly, nicotine increase metabolism

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17
Q

what factors influence taste preferences?

A

-environmental factors; adaptive
-taste preferences (most people like sweet and salty tastes); can be due to culture

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18
Q

Situational Influences on eating: tempting situations

A

-friends and food
-serving size is significant
-selections stimulate (food variety)
-nudging nutrition (giving carrots first so children eat healthy)

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19
Q

Do Genetics influence body weight?

A

-YES Children’s weights resemble those of their biological parents
-identical twins have similar weights even when raised apart

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20
Q

Does the environment influence obesity?

A

YES
-sleep loss contributes to a fall in leptin levels and rise in ghrelin levels
-social influence seen in the correlation amoung friends weights

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21
Q

Tips for weight management

A

-begin only if you feel motivated and self-disciplined
-exercise and sleep
-minimize exposure to tempting food
-limit variety and eat healthy foods
-reduce portion sizes and relabel your portions
-time your intake
-beware of the binge
-before eating with others, decide how much you want to eat
-realize that most people lapse
-chart progress online
-connect to a support group

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22
Q

Testosterone def

A

-the most important male sex hormone
-males and females have it, but males have more which stimulates the growth of male sex organs during the fetal period and male sex characteristics during puberty

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23
Q

asexual def

A

-having no sexual attraction toward others
-1% of humans

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24
Q

estrogen def

A

-female sex hormones
-secreted in greater amounts by females than males

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25
Q

When do sex hormones influence us?

A

-During the prenatal period, they direct our sexual development.
-During puberty, a sex hormone surge ushers us into adolescence.
-After puberty and well into the late adult years, sex hormones facilitate sexual behavior.

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26
Q

Large hormonal surges/declines occur when?

A

-pubertal-stage surge triggers development of sex characteristics and sexual interest
-estrogen levels fall in later life, causing menopause in women

(surgery or drugs may cause hormonal shifts)

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27
Q

4 stages of the sexual response cycle

A
  1. excitement
  2. Plateau
  3. orgasm
  4. resolution
28
Q

Sexual response cycle: excitement

A

-The genital areas become engorged with blood, causing a woman’s clitoris and a man’s penis to swell.
-A woman’s vagina expands and secretes lubricant; her breasts and nipples may enlarge.

29
Q

Sexual response cycle: Plateau

A

-Excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase.
-A man’s penis becomes fully engorged—to an average length of 5.6 inches among 1661 men who measured themselves for condom fitting
-Some fluid—frequently containing enough live sperm to enable conception—may appear at its tip.
-A woman’s vaginal secretion continues to increase, and her clitoris retracts. Orgasm feels imminent.

30
Q

Sexual response cycle: orgasm

A

-Muscle contractions appear all over the body and are accompanied by further increases in breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates.
-The pleasurable feeling of sexual release is much the same for both sexes.
-One panel of experts could not reliably distinguish between descriptions of orgasm written by men and those written by women
-In another study, PET scans showed that the same subcortical brain regions were active in men and women during orgasm

31
Q

Sexual response cycle: resolution

A

-The body gradually returns to its unaroused state as the genital blood vessels release their accumulated blood.
-For men, this happens relatively quickly if orgasm has occurred, relatively slowly otherwise.
-Men then enter a refractory period that lasts from a few minutes to a day or more, during which they are incapable of another orgasm.
-A woman’s much shorter refractory period may enable her, if restimulated during or soon after resolution, to have more orgasms.

32
Q

Sexual dysfunction

A

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning at any point in the sexual response cycle

33
Q

erectile disorder

A

inability to develop or maintain an erection due to insufficient blood flow to the penis

34
Q

female orgasmic disorder

A

distress due to infrequently or never experiencing orgasm

35
Q

premature ejaculation

A

sexual climax that occurs before the man or his partner wishes

36
Q

Paraphilias

A

-mostly men
-experiencing sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors, or urges involving nonhuman objects, the suffering of self or others or nonconsenting persons

37
Q

AIDS

A

a life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a sexually transmitted infection. AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections

38
Q

American Psychological Association

A

-classifies people who experience sexual desires om unusual ways as disordered only if: the person experiences distress from unusual sexual interest or interest entails harm or risk of harm to others
-Necrophilia, exhibitionism, pedophilia

39
Q

STI (sexually transmitted disease)

A

-spread primarily from person to person
-spread more easily from men to women than from women to men
(most common in 14-19 year old females)

40
Q

sex: external stimuli

A

-men are more aroused when erotic material aligns with their personal sexual interests
-content and intensity of sexual experience arouse women
-porn may decrease sexual satisfaction with own partner and may change perceptions about rape and other sexual violence

41
Q

Influences on teen pregnancy rate

A

-minimal communication about birth control
-impulsivity/guilt related to sexual activity
-alcohol use
-mass-media norms of unprotected promiscuity

42
Q

Characteristics of teens who delay having sex

A

-high intelligence
-religious engagement
-father presence
-participation in service-learning program

43
Q

Sexual orientation

A

the direction of our sexual attractions, as reflected in our longings and fantasies

44
Q

What percent of the population are exclusively homosexual?

A

-3 to 4 percent of men and 2 percent of women
-women tend to be more fluid

45
Q

Is sexual orientation willfully choosen?

A

No psychologists view sexual orientation as neither willfully chosen nor willfully changed
-not allowed to try to change a person’s gender identity or sexual orientation

46
Q

Origins of Sexual orientation

A

-Gay and lesbian people were no more likely than heterosexual people to have been smothered by maternal love or neglected by their father.—has nothing to do with parental relationships
-peer influence has little or no effect on sexual orientation
-fear/hatred of the other sex has nothing to do with sexual orientation
-sexual orientation post-natal is not linked with sex hormone levels in the blood
-being sexually molested also has no influence on sexual orientation

-environment likely contributes to sexual orientation

47
Q

Sexual oreintation: Gay-straight brain differences

A

-one hypothalamic cell cluster is smaller in women and gay men than in straight men
-gay men’s hypothalamus reacts as straight women’s hypothalamus does to the smell of sex-related hormones

48
Q

Sexual orientation: Genetic influence

A

-shared sexual orientation is higher among identical twins than among fraternal twins
-sexual attraction in fruit flies can be genetically manipulated
-male homosexulaity appears to be transmitted from the mother’s side of the family
-there is no specific gay gene

49
Q

Sexual orientation: prenatal influences

A

-altered prenatal hormone exposure may lead to homosexuality in humans and other animals
-men with several older biological brothers are more likely to be gay, possibly due to a maternal immune system reaction
-sexual orientation is more biological than environmental; environment just determines if the person comes out or not

50
Q

Gay-straight trait differences

A

-there is a critical period between 2-5 months regarding sexual orientation and behavioral traits
-traits for being homosexual fall in between what men are and women

51
Q

SO what biologically explains sexual orientation

A

the brain, genetic, and prenatal findings

52
Q

ostracism

A

being socially excluded
-threatens the need to belong

53
Q

affiliation need

A

key human motivation where there is the need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group

54
Q

What do social bonds do?

A

they boosted our early ancestors chances of survival
-combat more successful
-reproduction was strengthened
-foes were avoided

55
Q

What does having a social identity do?

A

it allows us to to feel part of a group boosting our health and well being

56
Q

self-determination theory

A

theory that we feel motivated to satisfy our needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness
-key to explaining human motivation

57
Q

pain of being shut out

A

-can cause physical pain

58
Q

Connecting and social networking

A

-mobile phones
-texts and instant messaging
-the internet
-social networking

-social amplifier

59
Q

Narcissism def

A

excessive self-love and self-absorption

60
Q

achievement motivation def

A

desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

61
Q

Grit

A

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

62
Q

intrinsic motivation def

A

desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

63
Q

extrinsic motivation def

A

the desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

64
Q

Goal setting to achieve the goal

A

1.make the resolution
2. announce the goal to friends/family
3. develop an implementation plan
4. create short-term rewards that support long-term goals
5. Monitor and record progress
6. create a supportive environment
7. transform the hard-to-do behavior into a must-do habit

65
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

psychology (12 decks)

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