chap 3-4 Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
consciousness
A
current awareness of self and environment
2
Q
cognitive neuroscience
A
interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition
3
Q
hypnosis
A
social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions , feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
4
Q
automotize
A
doing things without thinking about it
5
Q
selective attention
A
focusing conscious awareness on a particula stimulus
6
Q
inattentional blindness
A
failure to see visible objects when attention is directed elsewhere
7
Q
Change blindness
A
-failure to notice changes in the environment
-a form of inattentional blindness
8
Q
dual processing
A
information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious (explicit) and unconscious (implicit) tracks
-we know more than we know
9
Q
blindsight awarness
A
person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it
-ex: the blind can see
10
Q
parallel processing
A
processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously
11
Q
sequential processing
A
processing one aspect of a stimulus or problem at a time
-ex: processing new info or trying to solve difficult problems
12
Q
sleep
A
natural loss of consciousness
-perceptual window is still open a crack
13
Q
biological rhythms
A
-24 hour biological clock
-90 min sleep cycle for younger adults
14
Q
circadia rhythm
A
-internal body clock of 24-hour cycle of day and night
-body temp rises in the morning, peaks during the day dips in early afternoon, and drops in the evening
-altered by age and experience
15
Q
REM
A
-rapid eye movement
-sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur
-sleep paralysis ( can’t move)
-most action
-genital arousal
-60 mins
16
Q
REM rebound
A
tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
17
Q
beta waves
A
-alert, waking state
18
Q
alpha waves
A
-awake, relaxed, drowsy state
19
Q
delta waves
A
slower, larger delta waves
20
Q
N1 ( non-rem1)
A
-short (5mins)
-not asleep yet
-drowsy
21
Q
N2 (non-rem 2)
A
-20 mins
-sometimes can sleep talk
22
Q
N3 (non-rem 3)
A
-deepest sleep (30 mins)
-sleep talking and sleepwalking occur
-memory consolidation function
-night terror (screaming)
23
Q
sleep deprevation
A
losing an hour of sleep for 3 consecutive days
24
Q
hibbrigonic sensation
A
false dreaming, hallucinations
25
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
-controls circadian rhythm
-causes the decrease of production of melatonin in the morning and increased production in the evening
26
why do we sleep?
-plays a protective role by keeping people safe during potentially dangerous periods
-restore and repair damaged neurons
-strengthen neural connections
-promotes creative problem solving
-supports groth
27
results of sleep loss
-more anger
-relationship conflicts
-depressive disorders
28
sleep deprivation
-causes fatigue and irritability
-impairs concentration, productivity, memory consolidation
-can lead to depression
29
insomia
-recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
-may be due to stress or environment
30
Narcolepsy
-uncontrollable sleep attacks
-sometimes lapsing directly into REM sleep
31
sleep apnea
-stoppage of breathing while asleep
-associated with obesity, especially in men
32
night terrors
high arousal and appearance of being terrified
33
sleep aids
-exercise regularly (not in late afternoon)
-avoid caffeine after early afternoon
-relax before bedtime
-sleep on a consistent schedule
-hide time displays
-reassure yourself that temporary sleep loss does happen
-focus mind on non arousing, engaging thoughts
-manage stress
34
dreams
sequence of images, emotions and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind
35
daydreams
familiar details of our life
36
REM dreams
vivid, emotional, bizzare
37
why we dream
-to satisfy own wishes
-file away memories
-develop and preserve neural pathways
-make sense of neural static
-reflect cognitive development
38
manifest content
the remembered story line of a dream
39
latent content
underlying meaning of a dream
40
psychoactive drug
substance that alters perceptions and moods
-depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens
41
substance use disorder
disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption/physical risk
42
Depressants
-calm neural activity and slow body functions
-ex: ALCOHOL, Barbiturates (tranquilizers)
43
barbiturates
-tranquilizer
-depress activity of central nervous system
-reduces anxiety
-impairs memory and judgement
-lethal when combined with alcohol
44
opiates
-includes opium, codeine, morphine, heroin
-addictive
-constricts the pupils, slow breathing, cause lethargy
-depress neural activity
-causes withdrawal when ingestion is stopped
45
stimulant drugs
-caffeine and nicotine, cocaine, Ecstasy (MDMA), methamphetamine
-stimulates neural activity
-causes dilation of pupils, increase heart and breathing rates
-rise in blood sugar, and drop in appetite
-increase in energy and self-confidence
46
nicotine (stimulant)
-highly addictive
-signals CNS to release a flood of neurotransmitters
-produces challenging acute cravings and withdrawal symptoms
-risk of heart disease, cancer
47
cocaine (stimulant)
-produces a quick rush of euphoria, confidence, energy
-crash of agitated depression occurs within 15-30 mins after the neurotransmitters levels drop
-depends on dosage and form consumed
48
Methamphetamine (stimulant)
-powerfully addictive
-causes euphoria, alertness, energy
-may cause irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures
49
Ecstasy (MDMA) (stimulant)
-synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen
-emotional elevation, disinhibition
-produces euphoria but with short-term health risks and longer term harm to mood and cognition
-may cause dehydration, overheating, depressive mood
50
Hallucinogens
-distort perceptions
-call up sensory images without any input from the senses
-Marijuana, LSD
51
Marijuana (hallucinogens)
-contains THC
-increases sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastses, and smells
-relief of pain, distortion of time, relaxation
-lingers in the body
-can relax, disinhibit, impair motor and perceptual skills
52
LSD (hallucinogen)
-lysergic acid diethylamide/ acid
-powerful hallucinogenic drug
-risk of panic
-interferes with serotonin neurotransmitter system
53
Heroin (depressant)
-rush of euphoria, relief from pain
-can cause depressed physiology, agonizing withdrawl
54
behavior genetics
study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
55
heredity
the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring
56
environment
non genetic influences from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
-shared (experiences) vs. nonshared (unique to one person) environment
57
chromosomes
threadlike structures made out of DNA molecules that contain the genes
58
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
complex molecules containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
59
genome
the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes
60
identical twins
-same fertilized egg (monozygotic)
-occurs randomly
-not all share the same placenta
-don't always have the same number of copies of genes
61
fraternal twins
-fertilized by 2 diff. sperms (dizygotic)
-runs in the families through the females
62
identical twins are....
-more identical
-behave more similar, have the similar personality traits, have the same abilities, similar brainwaves and heart rate
-similarities still found even though they are being raised in different homes
63
adopted children are more similar to......
their genetic relatives than to their environment/nurture relatives
64
Sibling are different beacause
-share only half of their genes
-differences become amplified as people react to them differently
-environment changes
- siblings are raised in slightly different families (youngest child has more siblings)
65
Temperment
-person's characteristics emotional reactivity and intensity
-heritable
-carries on in life
66
Genetic effects appear in the form of.......
physiological differences like heart rate and nervous system reactivity
67
Heritability
the proportion of variation among individuals that can be attributed to genes
-large populations of people
68
Interaction
interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor depends on another factor
69
molecular genetics
study of molecular structure and function of genes
70
Epigenetics
study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
71
molecular behavior genetics
study of how the structure and function of gene interact with our environment to influence behavior
72
Evolutionary psychology
study of evolution behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection
73
evolutionary psychologists
focus mostly on what makes us so much alike as humans
74
natural selection
inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
75
Male-females differences in sexulaity
-men think more about sex than women do
-men think casual sex is more acceptable
76
Parental investment theory
-for men there is little cost to spreading their gene
-for women there is a greater cost for spreading their gene
77
evolutionary psychology theory: male-female diff
-males choices optimize the chance of producing offspring
-females choices seek to ensure offspring survival
78
Clark and Hatfield experiement
-going on a date: females and males same to say yes
-when asking to go to the apartment or to have sex more men tend to say yes and women tended to say no
79
well-used brain pathways......
work better
80
brain development happens more when....
the environment is enriched
81
parents have more influence on
account for less than 10% of children's differences
-education/career path
-cooperation
-self-discipline
-responsibility
-charitableness
-religion
-interaction style with authority figures
82
peers have more influence on
--learning cooperation
-learning the path to popularity
-choice of music and other recreation
-choice of clothing and other cultural choices
-good and bad habits
83
culture
patterns of ideas, attitudes, values, lifestyle habits, and traditions shared by a group of people and passed onto future generations
-part of our nature
-each has a norm
84
culture shock
feeling lost about which behaviors are approproiate
85
variation can occur within the same culture
-languages changes
-pace of life quickens
-gender equality increases
-people sleep less, socialize in person less, and stare at screens more
-people marry more for love but expect more romance
86
Individualist culture
-value independence
-promote personal ideals, strengths, and goals, pursued in competition with others, leading to individual achievement and finding a unique identity
87
collectivist cultures
-value interdependence
-promote group and societal goals and duties
-blend in with group identity with achievement attribute to mutual support
88
Child raising practices
-reflect individual and cultural values
-children thrive under various child-raising conditions
89
individualist: child raising
raise children to be self reliant
90
collectivist: child raising
may raise children to be compliant, obedient, and integrated into webs of mutual support
91
sex
biologically influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man. and woman
92
Gender
physical, social, and behavioral characteristics that are culturally associated with male and female roles and identity
-roles and characteristics that a culture expects from those defined as male and female
93
intersex
possessing male and female biological characteristic at birth
94
differences in men
-4 times more likely to die by suicide or develop alcohol dependence
-more likely to have childhood diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, color-blindness, or ADHD
-greater risk for antisocial
95
differences in women
-enter puberty sooner and live 5 years longer
-have 70% more fat and 20% less muscle and are 5 inches shorter
-have twice the risk for developing depression
96
Aggression
any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
-typically men
97
relational aggression
act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing
-typically women
98
minor physical aggression
equally likely for men and women
99
interaction style
-men offer opinions
-women offer support
100
Gender differences
-group leadership typically assigned to males
-higher salaries paid to men in traditional occupations
-women are less successful than men in elections
-78% of governing bodies are held by males
-men are less religious and pray less
-by age 50 most parent-related differences subside
-males tend to be independent
-first-year college women are twice as likely as men to change roomates
101
Nature of gender: genetic
males and females have differing sex chromosomes
102
Nature of gender: physiologically
males and females have differing concentration of sex hormones
103
spermarche
first ejacululation
104
menarche
first menstrual period
105
social learning theory
social behavior is learned by observing and imitating others gender-linked behavior and by being rewarded or punished
106
gender typing
more than imitation is involved; children gravitate toward what feels right
107
formation of schemas
helps children make sense of the world
108
Gender schemas
form early in life and organize experiences of male and female characteristics
109
gender expression
can be seen as children drop hints in their language, clothing, interests, and possessions
110
androgyny
displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics
111
transgender
umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex
112
biological factors
evolution, genes, hormones, and brains
113
Psychological factors
experiences, beliefs, feelings, and expectations
114
social-cultural factors
parental/peer influences, cultural, individualism/collectivism, and gender norms
115
biopsychosocial approach
-biological factors, psychological factors, social-cultural factors
