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psychology > chap 3-4 > Flashcards

chap 3-4 Flashcards

1
Q

consciousness

A

current awareness of self and environment

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2
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition

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3
Q

hypnosis

A

social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions , feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

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4
Q

automotize

A

doing things without thinking about it

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5
Q

selective attention

A

focusing conscious awareness on a particula stimulus

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6
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failure to see visible objects when attention is directed elsewhere

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7
Q

Change blindness

A

-failure to notice changes in the environment
-a form of inattentional blindness

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8
Q

dual processing

A

information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious (explicit) and unconscious (implicit) tracks
-we know more than we know

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9
Q

blindsight awarness

A

person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it
-ex: the blind can see

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10
Q

parallel processing

A

processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously

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11
Q

sequential processing

A

processing one aspect of a stimulus or problem at a time
-ex: processing new info or trying to solve difficult problems

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12
Q

sleep

A

natural loss of consciousness
-perceptual window is still open a crack

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13
Q

biological rhythms

A

-24 hour biological clock
-90 min sleep cycle for younger adults

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14
Q

circadia rhythm

A

-internal body clock of 24-hour cycle of day and night
-body temp rises in the morning, peaks during the day dips in early afternoon, and drops in the evening
-altered by age and experience

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15
Q

REM

A

-rapid eye movement
-sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur
-sleep paralysis ( can’t move)
-most action
-genital arousal
-60 mins

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16
Q

REM rebound

A

tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

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17
Q

beta waves

A

-alert, waking state

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18
Q

alpha waves

A

-awake, relaxed, drowsy state

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19
Q

delta waves

A

slower, larger delta waves

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20
Q

N1 ( non-rem1)

A

-short (5mins)
-not asleep yet
-drowsy

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21
Q

N2 (non-rem 2)

A

-20 mins
-sometimes can sleep talk

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22
Q

N3 (non-rem 3)

A

-deepest sleep (30 mins)
-sleep talking and sleepwalking occur
-memory consolidation function
-night terror (screaming)

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23
Q

sleep deprevation

A

losing an hour of sleep for 3 consecutive days

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24
Q

hibbrigonic sensation

A

false dreaming, hallucinations

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25
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

-controls circadian rhythm
-causes the decrease of production of melatonin in the morning and increased production in the evening

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26
Q

why do we sleep?

A

-plays a protective role by keeping people safe during potentially dangerous periods
-restore and repair damaged neurons
-strengthen neural connections
-promotes creative problem solving
-supports groth

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27
Q

results of sleep loss

A

-more anger
-relationship conflicts
-depressive disorders

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28
Q

sleep deprivation

A

-causes fatigue and irritability
-impairs concentration, productivity, memory consolidation
-can lead to depression

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29
Q

insomia

A

-recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
-may be due to stress or environment

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30
Q

Narcolepsy

A

-uncontrollable sleep attacks
-sometimes lapsing directly into REM sleep

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31
Q

sleep apnea

A

-stoppage of breathing while asleep
-associated with obesity, especially in men

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32
Q

night terrors

A

high arousal and appearance of being terrified

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33
Q

sleep aids

A

-exercise regularly (not in late afternoon)
-avoid caffeine after early afternoon
-relax before bedtime
-sleep on a consistent schedule
-hide time displays
-reassure yourself that temporary sleep loss does happen
-focus mind on non arousing, engaging thoughts
-manage stress

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34
Q

dreams

A

sequence of images, emotions and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind

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35
Q

daydreams

A

familiar details of our life

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36
Q

REM dreams

A

vivid, emotional, bizzare

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37
Q

why we dream

A

-to satisfy own wishes
-file away memories
-develop and preserve neural pathways
-make sense of neural static
-reflect cognitive development

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38
Q

manifest content

A

the remembered story line of a dream

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39
Q

latent content

A

underlying meaning of a dream

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40
Q

psychoactive drug

A

substance that alters perceptions and moods
-depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens

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41
Q

substance use disorder

A

disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption/physical risk

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42
Q

Depressants

A

-calm neural activity and slow body functions
-ex: ALCOHOL, Barbiturates (tranquilizers)

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43
Q

barbiturates

A

-tranquilizer
-depress activity of central nervous system
-reduces anxiety
-impairs memory and judgement
-lethal when combined with alcohol

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44
Q

opiates

A

-includes opium, codeine, morphine, heroin
-addictive
-constricts the pupils, slow breathing, cause lethargy
-depress neural activity
-causes withdrawal when ingestion is stopped

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45
Q

stimulant drugs

A

-caffeine and nicotine, cocaine, Ecstasy (MDMA), methamphetamine
-stimulates neural activity
-causes dilation of pupils, increase heart and breathing rates
-rise in blood sugar, and drop in appetite
-increase in energy and self-confidence

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46
Q

nicotine (stimulant)

A

-highly addictive
-signals CNS to release a flood of neurotransmitters
-produces challenging acute cravings and withdrawal symptoms
-risk of heart disease, cancer

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47
Q

cocaine (stimulant)

A

-produces a quick rush of euphoria, confidence, energy
-crash of agitated depression occurs within 15-30 mins after the neurotransmitters levels drop
-depends on dosage and form consumed

48
Q

Methamphetamine (stimulant)

A

-powerfully addictive
-causes euphoria, alertness, energy
-may cause irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures

49
Q

Ecstasy (MDMA) (stimulant)

A

-synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen
-emotional elevation, disinhibition
-produces euphoria but with short-term health risks and longer term harm to mood and cognition
-may cause dehydration, overheating, depressive mood

50
Q

Hallucinogens

A

-distort perceptions
-call up sensory images without any input from the senses
-Marijuana, LSD

51
Q

Marijuana (hallucinogens)

A

-contains THC
-increases sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastses, and smells
-relief of pain, distortion of time, relaxation
-lingers in the body
-can relax, disinhibit, impair motor and perceptual skills

52
Q

LSD (hallucinogen)

A

-lysergic acid diethylamide/ acid
-powerful hallucinogenic drug
-risk of panic
-interferes with serotonin neurotransmitter system

53
Q

Heroin (depressant)

A

-rush of euphoria, relief from pain
-can cause depressed physiology, agonizing withdrawl

54
Q

behavior genetics

A

study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

55
Q

heredity

A

the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring

56
Q

environment

A

non genetic influences from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
-shared (experiences) vs. nonshared (unique to one person) environment

57
Q

chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made out of DNA molecules that contain the genes

58
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

complex molecules containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

59
Q

genome

A

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes

60
Q

identical twins

A

-same fertilized egg (monozygotic)
-occurs randomly
-not all share the same placenta
-don’t always have the same number of copies of genes

61
Q

fraternal twins

A

-fertilized by 2 diff. sperms (dizygotic)
-runs in the families through the females

62
Q

identical twins are….

A

-more identical
-behave more similar, have the similar personality traits, have the same abilities, similar brainwaves and heart rate
-similarities still found even though they are being raised in different homes

63
Q

adopted children are more similar to……

A

their genetic relatives than to their environment/nurture relatives

64
Q

Sibling are different beacause

A

-share only half of their genes
-differences become amplified as people react to them differently
-environment changes
- siblings are raised in slightly different families (youngest child has more siblings)

65
Q

Temperment

A

-person’s characteristics emotional reactivity and intensity
-heritable
-carries on in life

66
Q

Genetic effects appear in the form of…….

A

physiological differences like heart rate and nervous system reactivity

67
Q

Heritability

A

the proportion of variation among individuals that can be attributed to genes
-large populations of people

68
Q

Interaction

A

interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor depends on another factor

69
Q

molecular genetics

A

study of molecular structure and function of genes

70
Q

Epigenetics

A

study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

71
Q

molecular behavior genetics

A

study of how the structure and function of gene interact with our environment to influence behavior

72
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

study of evolution behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection

73
Q

evolutionary psychologists

A

focus mostly on what makes us so much alike as humans

74
Q

natural selection

A

inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

75
Q

Male-females differences in sexulaity

A

-men think more about sex than women do
-men think casual sex is more acceptable

76
Q

Parental investment theory

A

-for men there is little cost to spreading their gene
-for women there is a greater cost for spreading their gene

77
Q

evolutionary psychology theory: male-female diff

A

-males choices optimize the chance of producing offspring
-females choices seek to ensure offspring survival

78
Q

Clark and Hatfield experiement

A

-going on a date: females and males same to say yes
-when asking to go to the apartment or to have sex more men tend to say yes and women tended to say no

79
Q

well-used brain pathways……

A

work better

80
Q

brain development happens more when….

A

the environment is enriched

81
Q

parents have more influence on

A

account for less than 10% of children’s differences
-education/career path
-cooperation
-self-discipline
-responsibility
-charitableness
-religion
-interaction style with authority figures

82
Q

peers have more influence on

A

–learning cooperation
-learning the path to popularity
-choice of music and other recreation
-choice of clothing and other cultural choices
-good and bad habits

83
Q

culture

A

patterns of ideas, attitudes, values, lifestyle habits, and traditions shared by a group of people and passed onto future generations
-part of our nature
-each has a norm

84
Q

culture shock

A

feeling lost about which behaviors are approproiate

85
Q

variation can occur within the same culture

A

-languages changes
-pace of life quickens
-gender equality increases
-people sleep less, socialize in person less, and stare at screens more
-people marry more for love but expect more romance

86
Q

Individualist culture

A

-value independence
-promote personal ideals, strengths, and goals, pursued in competition with others, leading to individual achievement and finding a unique identity

87
Q

collectivist cultures

A

-value interdependence
-promote group and societal goals and duties
-blend in with group identity with achievement attribute to mutual support

88
Q

Child raising practices

A

-reflect individual and cultural values
-children thrive under various child-raising conditions

89
Q

individualist: child raising

A

raise children to be self reliant

90
Q

collectivist: child raising

A

may raise children to be compliant, obedient, and integrated into webs of mutual support

91
Q

sex

A

biologically influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man. and woman

92
Q

Gender

A

physical, social, and behavioral characteristics that are culturally associated with male and female roles and identity
-roles and characteristics that a culture expects from those defined as male and female

93
Q

intersex

A

possessing male and female biological characteristic at birth

94
Q

differences in men

A

-4 times more likely to die by suicide or develop alcohol dependence
-more likely to have childhood diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, color-blindness, or ADHD
-greater risk for antisocial

95
Q

differences in women

A

-enter puberty sooner and live 5 years longer
-have 70% more fat and 20% less muscle and are 5 inches shorter
-have twice the risk for developing depression

96
Q

Aggression

A

any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
-typically men

97
Q

relational aggression

A

act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing
-typically women

98
Q

minor physical aggression

A

equally likely for men and women

99
Q

interaction style

A

-men offer opinions
-women offer support

100
Q

Gender differences

A

-group leadership typically assigned to males
-higher salaries paid to men in traditional occupations
-women are less successful than men in elections
-78% of governing bodies are held by males
-men are less religious and pray less
-by age 50 most parent-related differences subside
-males tend to be independent
-first-year college women are twice as likely as men to change roomates

101
Q

Nature of gender: genetic

A

males and females have differing sex chromosomes

102
Q

Nature of gender: physiologically

A

males and females have differing concentration of sex hormones

103
Q

spermarche

A

first ejacululation

104
Q

menarche

A

first menstrual period

105
Q

social learning theory

A

social behavior is learned by observing and imitating others gender-linked behavior and by being rewarded or punished

106
Q

gender typing

A

more than imitation is involved; children gravitate toward what feels right

107
Q

formation of schemas

A

helps children make sense of the world

108
Q

Gender schemas

A

form early in life and organize experiences of male and female characteristics

109
Q

gender expression

A

can be seen as children drop hints in their language, clothing, interests, and possessions

110
Q

androgyny

A

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

111
Q

transgender

A

umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

112
Q

biological factors

A

evolution, genes, hormones, and brains

113
Q

Psychological factors

A

experiences, beliefs, feelings, and expectations

114
Q

social-cultural factors

A

parental/peer influences, cultural, individualism/collectivism, and gender norms

115
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

-biological factors, psychological factors, social-cultural factors

psychology (12 decks)

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