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psychology > chapter 12 > Flashcards

chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

emotions def and components

A

-response of the whole individual
1. physiological/bodily arousal
2. expressive behaviors
3. conscious experience resulting from one’s interpretations

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2
Q

2 questions of emotion

A
  1. Does your bodily arousal come before or after your emotional feelings?
  2. How do thinking and feeling interact? Does cognition always come before emotion?
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3
Q

James-Lange theory

A

-arousal comes before emotion
-emotion occurs when we become aware of out physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus
-(ex: we feel angry because we strike)
-the environment does not matter
-2 problems: not enough time to have a physiological response and it would mean each emotion would have a distinct pattern

(notice body response (heart racing), then feel the emotion (fear)

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4
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

-arousal and emotion occur separately but simultaneously
-ex: heart is pounding as I experienced fear

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5
Q

Schacter-Singer two factor theory

A

-arousal + label = emotion
-to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
-emotional experience requires a conscious interpretation of arousal
-the ENVIRONMENT does MATTER
-spillover effect: arousal spills over from one event to the next, influencing the response

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6
Q

Zajonc, Lazarus, LeDoux theories

A

-can have an emotional experience and not even be aware of it (involves no thinking)
-speedy low road (not conscious of it): bypasses the cortex
-ex: we can jump at the sound of rustling bushes nearby, leaving it to our cortex to decide later whether the sound was made by a snake or by the wind.

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7
Q

autonomic nervous system: sympathetic, parasympathetic, fight or flight

A

-Sympathetic system: arousing
-parasympathetic system: calming
-fight-or-flight: automatically mobilizes the body for action

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8
Q

physiology of emotions

A

-different emotions have different brain circuits

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9
Q

physiology of emotions: right brain

A

-usually negative emotions
-when body tends to withdraw from bad things
(im mad ARRRRRRR)

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10
Q

physiology of emotions: left brain

A

-usually positive emotion
-approaching something good
-anger, usually thought as a neg. emotion is an exception to positive emotion

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11
Q

Detecting emotions in others and through text

A

-people can often detect nonverbal cues and threats as well as signs of status
-ex: firm handshakes, gaze, averted glance, stare

-gestures, facial expressions, and voice tones are absent in written communication

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12
Q

Gender, emotion, and nonverbal behavior

A

-women are more intuitively tuned into emotions naturally and they express emotions more, more complex emotions
-when men told to pay attention to emotions they can read the same emotional cues the same

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13
Q

culture and emotional expression

A

-gestures and meanings vary among cultures, but outward signs of emotion are generally the same
-musical expression of emotion crosses cultures
-shared emotional categories do not reflect shared cultural experience
-facial muscles speak a universal language for some basic emotions; interpreting faces in context is adaptive
-those encourage individuality display more visible emotions
-those that encourage people to adjust to others often have less visible emotional display

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14
Q

The facial feedback effect def

A

-we can control emotions by going through the outward movements of any emotion we want to experience
-people can mimic other’s expressions

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15
Q

behavior feedback effect def

A

-tendency of behavior to influence our own and other’s thoughts. feelings, and actions

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16
Q

How many distinct emotions are there?

A

-basic human emotions: anger, fear, disgust, sadness, and happiness
-10 basic emotions by Izard: joy, interest-excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt

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17
Q

Emotion: causes of Anger

A

-threat or challenge
-evoked by misdeeds that we interpret as willful, unjustified, and avoidable
-smaller frustrations and blameless annoyances can also trigger anger

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18
Q

Catharsis

A

idea that releasing aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
-does not reduce anger over the long term
-western advice

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19
Q

Consequences of anger

A

-chronic hostility is linked to heart disease
-expressing our anger can make us more angry
-controlled assertion of feelings may resolve conflicts, and forgiveness may rid of us of angry feelings
-anger communicates strength and competence, motivates action, and expresses grief when wisely used

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20
Q

What are some better ways to manage your anger?

A
  1. wait
  2. find a healthy distraction or support
  3. distance yourself
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21
Q

How is anger not wrong?

A

-it can communicate strength and competence
-motivates people to act courageously and achieve goals

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22
Q

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

A

people’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood

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23
Q

subjective well-being

A

-self perceived happiness or satisfaction with life
-used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people’s quality of life
-more satisfied when you give than receive

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24
Q

positive psychology def

A

scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

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25
Q

three pillars of positive psychology

A
  1. positive well-being: about building a pleasant and good life that engages one’s skills and a meaningful life that points beyond oneself
  2. positive traits: focuses on exploring and enhancing creativity, courage, compassion, integrity, self-control, leadership, wisdom, and spirituality
  3. positive groups, communities, and cultures: seek to foster a positive social ecology
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26
Q

wealth and well-being

A

-wealth does not correlate with well-being in some ways
-having money to buy resources that meet basic needs and have some control over life does buy happiness
-increasing wealth matters less once the basic needs are met

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27
Q

adaptation-level phenomenon

A

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

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28
Q

relative deprivation def

A

perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves

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29
Q

what does satisfaction come from?

A

income rank rather than income level

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30
Q

Happy people tend to…?

A

-have a higher self-esteem
-be optimistic, outgoing, agreeable, and humorous
-have close, positive, and lasting relationships
-have work and leisure that engage their skills
-have an active religious faith (especially in more religious cultures)
-sleep well and exercise

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31
Q

happiness is not related to factors such as…..?

A

-age
-gender
-physical attractiveness

32
Q

Is happiness based on genes?

A

-genes can determine happiness
-human traits are influenced by many genes having small effects
-there is a happiness set point

33
Q

Stress

A

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

34
Q

three main type of stressors:

A
  1. catastrophes
  2. significant life changes
  3. daily hassles
35
Q

Catastrophes def

A

unpleasant, large-scale events

36
Q

significant life changes

A

personal events; life transitions

37
Q

daily hassles

A

day-to-day challenges

38
Q

approach and avoidance motives

A

the drive to move toward (approach) or away from (avoid) a stimulus

39
Q

Stress response: Canon

A

viewed the stress response as a fight-or-flight system

40
Q

Stress response: Selye

A

-proposed that the body’s adaptive response to stress is so general that, like a burglar alarm, it sounds, no matter what intrudes
-named this response the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
-prolonged stress can damage the body

41
Q

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases—
1. alarm: sympathetic system is activated
2. resistance: temp, bp, and respiration remain high; epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream; fully engaged and use all resources to meet the challenge; body reserves begin to dwindle
3. exhaustion: become more vulnerable to illness or even collapse or death

42
Q

tend-and-befriend response

A

-under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)
-men may withdraw socially, turn to alcohol, or become aggressive

43
Q

health psychology def

A

a subfield of psychology that provides a psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

44
Q

psychoneuroimmunology def

A

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect our immune system and resulting health
-psycho (emotions)
-neuro (affect your brain)
-immune system
-ology (study of)

45
Q

B lymphocytes

A

fights bacterial infections

46
Q

T lymphocytes

A

attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

47
Q

Marcophage cells

A

attack harmful invaders and worn-out cells

48
Q

natural killer cells (NK cells)

A

attack diseased cells

49
Q

Two things that can happen if your immune system does not function properly

A
  1. It can respond too strongly; it may attack the body’s own tissues, causing an allergic reaction or self-attacking disease
    -women are more susceptible to autoimmune diseases
  2. underreacting, the immune system may allow a bacterial infection to flare, a dormant virus to erupt, or cancer cells to multiply
    -To protect transplanted organs, which the recipient’s body treats as foreign invaders, a patient’s immune system may be deliberately suppressed.
50
Q

stress effects on health

A

-stress hormones suppress the immune system: surgical wounds heal more slowly, more vulnerable to colds, hasten the course of disease

-stress does not make us sick, but it does alter our immune functioning which leaves us less able to resist infection

51
Q

stress and cancer

A

-stress does not affect cancer cells, but it may affect their growth by weakening natural defenses
-research is mixed

52
Q

stress and AIDS

A

-stress can not give people aids but it may speed the transition from HIV infection to AIDS and the decline in those with AIDS

53
Q

stress and heart disease

A

-stress is related to the generation of inflammation, which is associated with heart and other health problems
-Type A man, pessimists, and depression are more likely to have heart attacks

54
Q

coronary heart disease

A

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; a leading cause of death in many developed countries.

55
Q

Type A man

A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

56
Q

Type B man

A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing relaxed people

57
Q

stress and inflamation

A

chronic stress triggers persistent inflammation, which increases the risks of heart disease and depression

58
Q

Cope

A

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

59
Q

problem-focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress directly- by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

60
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction

61
Q

In animal and humans, what do uncontrollable threats trigger

A

they trigger the strongest stress responses

62
Q

personal control

A

our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

63
Q

learned helplessness

A

the hopelessness and passive resignation humans and other animals learn when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

64
Q

learned helplessness steps

A

uncontrollable bad events, perceived lack of control, generalized helpless behavior

65
Q

tyranny of choice

A

brings information overload and a greater likelihood that we will feel regret over some of the things we left behind

66
Q

external locus of control def

A

the perception that outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

67
Q

internal locus of control def

A

the perception that we control our own faith

68
Q

self-control

A

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards
-predicts good health, higher income, and better school performance
-

69
Q

pessimists

A

-expect things to go badly
-attribute their poor performance to a basic lack of ability or situations enduringly beyond their control

70
Q

optimists

A

-expect more control, coping ability, and better health
-tend to have optimal health, better grades
-runs in the family; genetic marker/oxytocin

71
Q

social support

A

-feeling like and encouraged by intimate friends and family promotes happiness and health
- social support calms us, improves our sleep, and reduces blood pressure
-social support fosters stronger immune functioning
-close relationships give us an opportunity for “open heart therapy” a chance to confide painful feelings

72
Q

aerobic exercise

A

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps alleviate depression and anxiety.
-increases the quality and quantity of life

73
Q

mindfulness meditation

A

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner.

74
Q

mindfulness does what?

A

-strengthens connections among brain regions
-activates brain regions associated with more reflective awareness
-calms brain activation in emotional situations

75
Q

faith and health

A

-religiously active people tend to love longer than those who are not religiously active
-promotes healthy behaviors/self-control. social support, positive emotions

psychology (12 decks)

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