chapter 15 Flashcards
psychological disorder
a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognitions, emotion regulation, or behavior
-disturbed or dysfunctional thoughts, emotions, or behaviors are maladaptive
-use scales to determine if you can still function at a high level of functioning/doing day to day activities
what treatment did people use to get with psych disorders
-drilled holes in the skulls to release evil spirits to cure them
The medical model
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.
-tried searching for physical cause of mental disorders
-mental illness diagnosed on basis of symptoms and treated through therapy
The biopsychosocial approach
general approach positioning that biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors play significant roles in human functioning
-role in human functioning in context of disease/illness
epigenetics def
“above” or “in addition to” (epi) genetics; the study of the molecular mechanisms by which environments can influence genetic expression (without a DNA change)
DSM-5 def
the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
-describe disorders and estimates their occurrence
-some label changes
-new or altered diagnosis
-new categories
suicide
-affects 1 mil people worldwide
-higher risk with diagnosis of depression
-more likely to occur when people feel disconnected from or as if they are a burden to others
nonsucidal self-injury (NSSI)
cutting, burning, hitting oneself, pulling out hair, inserting objects under nails or skin, self-administered tattoo
-to punish, get attention, to cause pain, gain relief, relieve guilt, get others to change their negative behavior
comparison of suicide rates
-russia has the highest suicide rate
-whites die by suicide twice as often as blacks
-women are more likely to attempt suicide than men, but men are more likely to die by suicide
-highest suicide rates are as you grow older (70)
-suicide rates are higher among the rich, nonreligious, and unmarried
-negative emotions tends to go up midweek
-suicides have been increasing year to year
anxiety disorder def
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
generalized anxiety disorder def
in which a person is, for no obvious reason, continually tense and uneasy;
-which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
-persists for 6 months or more
panic disorder def
an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack.
specific phobias def
an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.
-most are classically conditioned
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both.
-hard to treat
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
-often affects vetrans
Understanding anxiety disorders: classical conditioning
research helps explain how panic-prone peoples associate anxiety with certain cues
Understanding anxiety disorders: stimulus generalization
research demonstrates how a fearful event can later become a fear of similar events
-associative fear
Understanding anxiety disorders: reinforcement
(operant conditioning) can help maintain a developed and generalized phobia
Understanding anxiety disorders: cognition
-observing others can contribute to development of some fears
-interpretations and expectations shape reactions
-hypervigilance
Understanding anxiety disorders: biology
-genetic predisposition to anxiety, OCD, and PTSD
-brain: trauma leads to nre fear pathways, hyperactive danger detection, impulse control, and habitual behavior areas of the brain
-natural selection: biological preparedness to fear threats
where do you develop habits fro OCD?
Anterior cingulate cortex
somatic symptom disorder def
a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause
somatic symptom disorder def
a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause
major depressive disorder def
a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drug use or a medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.
depression is……
the number one reason people seek mental health services
seasonal depressive order def
when depression only come back during the winter time
