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psychology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

social psychology def

A

-the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
-study individual people

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2
Q

attribution theory

A

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition
-trying to explain other people’s behavior to yourself when they behave in an unexpected manner

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3
Q

Attribution theory: dispositional (internal)

A

-enduring traits
-think about the worst
-no longer friends

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4
Q

Attribution theory: situational (external)

A

-based on a situation
-being kind, sympathetic
-think of good reasons

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5
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

-tendency, when analysing other’s behaviors, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
-most likely to occur when a stranger acts badly
-has real-life and social consequences
*happens more frequently with strangers and low acquaintances

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6
Q

Attitudes def

A

feelings, often influences by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
-not directly connected with behavior
-asking direct questions is bad to predict behavior
-feel neg/positive feelings

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7
Q

Behavior is a great predictor of……….

A

Attitude

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8
Q

Attitude is a bad predictor of…… but follows…..

A

behavior, behavior

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9
Q

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
-Ex: cults, sales

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10
Q

role def

A

a set of expectations/norms about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

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11
Q

power of roles

A

-if put in a role, we would do that job even when we would never do that on our own choice

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12
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

-the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent.
-act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of out thoughts clash
-often bring attitudes into line with our actions

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13
Q

Peripheral route persuasion def

A

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness
-used for audience that is not informed about the subject
-EX: show picture of unvaccinated children

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14
Q

Central route persuasion

A

occurs when interested people’s thinking is influenced by considering evidence and arguments
-used for audience that is informed
-EX: data about all the strains that a vaccine will defend against

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15
Q

norms def

A

-understood rules for accepted and expected behavior
-prescribe proper behavior

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16
Q

social influence

A

humans evolved to be in groups over time, in order to survive
-conformity
-obedience to authority

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17
Q

conformity def

A

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

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18
Q

people are more likely to conform when we

A

-are made to feel incompetent or insecure.
-are in a group with at least three people.
-are in a group in which everyone else agrees. (If just one other person disagrees, the odds of our disagreeing greatly increase.)
-admire the group’s status and attractiveness.
-have not made a prior commitment to any response.
-know that others in the group will observe our behavior.
-are from a culture that strongly encourages respect for social standards.

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19
Q

Normative social influence def

A

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

-why we conform
-do it bc everyone else does it

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20
Q

informational social influence def

A

influence resulting from a person’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.

-change opinion to match group
-acceptance

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21
Q

Stanley Milgram’s experiments

A

-put in teacher position and had to shock their students if they answer wrong
-people obeyed orders even when they thought they were harming another person
-strong social influence can make ordinary people conform to falsehoods or exhibit cruel behavior
-in any society, great evil acts often grow out of people’s compliance with lesser evils
-40% said no to shocking

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22
Q

Findings from the Milgram experiements

A

-Proximity: The person giving orders was nearby and was perceived as a legitimate authority figure
-Power and prestige: the research was supported by a prestigious institution
-victim was depersonalized or at a distance (obscured by darkness or placed in another room)
-there were no role models for defiance (assume everyone obeys)
-legitimacy: view authority as having the right to delegate them

-minority influence: rebellion began with individuals resistance to majority status quo

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23
Q

Social facilitation def

A

-improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, and worsened performance on difficult tasks

-arousal caused by evaluation apprehension
-ex: home team advantage

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24
Q

Social loafing def

A

-tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
-dont do best when others are doing same task to reduce mental strain

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25
Q

social loafing causes

A

-acting as part of the group and feeling less accountable
-feeling that individual contribution does not matter
-taking advantage when there is lack of identification with the group
-overestimate their own contribution
-free ride on others effort

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26
Q

deindividuation def

A

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

-how we react in groups, but would never do alone
-“mob mentality”

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27
Q

group polarization def

A

-group discussions with like-minded people strengthen member’s prevailing beliefs and attitudes

-doesn’t happen often
-can’t think of other solutions
-ex: echo chambers; jury, internet communication

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28
Q

groupthink def

A

people are driven by a desire for harmony within a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

-fed by overconfidence, conformity, self-justification, and group polarization

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29
Q

individual power def

A

-small minority that consistently expresses its views may sway the majority
-power of individual and power of the situation interact
-need to have confidence status

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30
Q

Prejudice def and what it is composed of

A

-an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members.
-Composed of negative emotion, stereotypes, and predisposition to discriminate

31
Q

Stereotype def

A

generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

32
Q

discrimination

A

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members.

33
Q

Implicit prejudice def

A

-unaware thinking
-Results: even people who envy racial prejudice may carry negative associations
-happens more often

-race-influences perceptions: automatic racial bias
-reflexive bodily responses: unconscious, selective responses when looking at faces

34
Q

explicit prejudice

A

-aware of our thinking

35
Q

unconscious patronization def

A

lower expectations, inflated praise, and insufficient criticism for minority student achievement

36
Q

how do psychologists study implicit prejudice

A
  1. testing for unconscious group associations
  2. considering unconscious patronization
  3. monitoring reflexive bodily response
37
Q

Gender prejudice

A

-gender prejudice has declined sharply, but both implicit and explicit gender prejudice and discrimination persist
-despite equality between the sexes in intelligence score, people have tended to perceive their fathers as more intelligent than their mothers

38
Q

social roots of prejudice

A

-social inequalities: often lead to the development of attitudes that justify the status quo
-just-world phenomenon: good is rewarded, and evil is punished
-stereotypes: rationalize inequalities

39
Q

Social roots of prejudice: groups

A
  • through social identities, people associate themselves with others
    -evolution prepares people to identity with a group
40
Q

scapegoat theory

A

theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

-evidence comes through social trends and experiments

41
Q

just-world phenomenon def

A

the tendency for people to believe that the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

42
Q

ingroup def

A

“us”—people with whom we share a common identity.

43
Q

outgroup def

A

“them”—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

44
Q

ingroup bias

A

the tendency to favor our own group

45
Q

other-race effect

A

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.

-emerges between 3-9 months

46
Q

aggression def

A

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

47
Q

Biology of aggression: genetic influences

A

-alcohol associated with aggressive responses to frustration
-Y chromosome

48
Q

Biology of aggression: Neural influences

A

-facilitate or inhibit aggression when provoked
-aggression is more likely to occur with frontal lobe damage

49
Q

Biology of aggression: biochemical influences

A

-hormone testosterone, for example, circulates in the bloodstream and influences the neural systems that control aggression.

50
Q

biology of aggression 3 influences

A
  1. genetic influences (biological)
  2. neural influences (psychological)
  3. biochemical influences
    *social-cultural infleunces
51
Q

aversive def

A

suffering

52
Q

frustration-aggression principle

A

the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression

53
Q

other anger triggers

A

-hot temperatures, physical pain, personal insults, foul odors, cigarette smoke, and crowding
-previous reinforcement for aggressive behavior, observing an aggressive role model, and poor self control

54
Q

Social scripts

A

a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

-ex: viewing sexual violence contributes to greater aggression towards women
-ex: playing violent video games increases aggressive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors

55
Q

Psychology of attraction depends on:

A

-proximity: geographic nearness
-physical attractiveness
-similarity of attitudes and interests

56
Q

mere exposure effect def

A

he tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them

57
Q

physical attractiveness

A

-predicts how often people date and how popular they feel
-people’s attractiveness is unrelated to their self-esteem and happiness
-attractive people are suspicious that praise of the work while less attractive people are more likely to accept praise as sincere
-to people who were friends before lovers- looks mattered less

58
Q

Passionate love def

A

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship

59
Q

two-factor theory of emotion

A

-emotions have two ingredients—physical arousal plus cognitive appraisal.
-arousal from any source can enhance one emotion or another, depending on how we interpret and label the arousal.

Sexual desire + a growing attachment = passionate love

60
Q

Compassionate love def

A

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

-seldom endures
-testosterone give way to oxytocin that supports feelings of trust, calmness, and bonding
-attraction and sexual desire endure, without the obsession of early-stage marriage
-equity is important
self-disclosure deepens initmacy

61
Q

equity def

A

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

62
Q

self disclosure def

A

the act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others

63
Q

Altruism def

A

unselfish concern for the welfare of others

-people are more likely to help when they notice an incident, interpret it as an emergency, and assume responsibility for helping
-odds for being helped increase if the person appears to deserve help or is a woman
-similarity to self, being unhurried or in a good mood, feeling guilty, and being focused on others and not preoccupied also raise the likelihood of being helped

64
Q

Bystander effect

A

-tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid of other bystanders are present
-occurs when there is a diffusion of responsibility

65
Q

social exchange theory

A

he theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

66
Q

socialization norm def

A

social expectation that prescribes how er should behave

67
Q

reciprocity norm def

A

expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefit

68
Q

social-responsibility norm

A

an expectation that people will help those needing their help

69
Q

conflict def

A

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

70
Q

social traps def

A

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

71
Q

mirror-image perceptions def

A

mutual views often held by conflicting parties, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

72
Q

self-fulfilling prophecies def

A

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

73
Q

Enemy perceptions

A

-people in conflict form negative, distorted images of one another
-us vs. them develops
-viciou cycle of hostility emerges at individual or national level
-can become self-fulfilling prophecies

74
Q

superordinate goals

A

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

psychology (12 decks)

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