chapter 16 Flashcards
psychotherapy def
treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
-therapy with an individual (1 on 1)
biomedical theory def
prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology
-treatment with medical procedures
eclectic def
an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy.
psychoanalysis def
1) Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. (2) Freud’s therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the analyst’s interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.
-Goals: bring patients repressed feelings into conscious awareness
-technique: use dream analysis, free association, resistance, transference
resistance def
in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.
interpretation def
in psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting of supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.
transferring def
in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).
-directed towards a therapist
psychodynamic therapists def and technique
therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight.
-they try to help people understand their current symptoms by focusing on important relationships and events, including childhood experiences and the therapist-client relationship
-technique: face to face meetings, exploration of past relationship troubles
-briefer, less expensive, dont believe in id/ego/superego
insight therapies/ humanistic therapies
-Humanistic therapists aim to boost people’s self-fulfillment by helping them grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance.
-Promoting this growth, not curing illness, is the therapy focus
-gunuiness, acceptance (positive environment)
-Conscious thoughts are more important than unconscious thoughts
-goal: reduce inner conflicts that interfere with natural development and growth; helps client grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance, promoting growth, genuineness, empathy
-includes psychodynamic and humanistic therapies
person-centered therapy def
a humanistic therapy, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. (Also called client-centered therapy.)
-the client leads the discussion
-also called nondirective therapy
active listening def
empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and seeks clarification. A feature of Rogers’ person-centered therapy
unconditional positive regard def
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.
behavior therapists def
therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
-uses classical conditioning and counterconditioning
-exposure therapies and systematic desensitization
counterconditioning def
behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning
-exposure therapy
-systematic desensitization
exposure therapy def
pairs the trigger stimulus (in this case, the enclosed space of the elevator) with a new response (relaxation) that is incompatible with fear.
-ex: pair you with something you are scared with until you are not scared about it anymore
systematic desensitization def
a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat specific phobias
virtual reality exposure therapy
a counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking
aversive conditioning def
associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
-helps you learn what you should not do; counterconditioning
-substitute a negative response for a positive response to harmful stimulus
how is psychodynamic therapy different from psychoanalysis
-lack of belief in id, ego, and superego
-briefer, less expensive, and more focused on helping clients find relief from their current symptoms
-helps client understand how past relationships create themes that may be acted out in present relationship
operant conditioning therapy
consequences drive behavior; voluntary behaviors are strongly influenced by their consequences
-use reward and punishment to change behavior
behavioral modification def
desired behavior is reinforced; undesired behavior is not reinforced and sometimes is punished
-operant conditioning
token economy def
an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats.
cognitive therapies def
-therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking
-based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.
Beck’s therapy for depression
-gentle questioning seeks to reveal irrational thinking and then to persuade people to change their perceptions of their own and other’s actions as dark, negative, pessimistic
-people are trained to recognize and modify negative self-talk
cognitive therapy techniques: reveal beliefs
-Question your interpretations: Explore your beliefs, revealing faulty assumptions such as “I must be liked by everyone.”
-Rank thoughts and emotions:Gain perspective by ranking your thoughts and emotions from mildly to extremely upsetting.
cognitive therapy techniques: test beliefs
-Examine consequences: Explore difficult situations, assessing possible consequences and challenging faulty reasoning.
-Decatastrophize thinking: Work through the actual worst-case consequences of the situation you face (it is often not as bad as imagined). Then determine how to cope with the real situation you face.
cognitive therapy techniques: change beliefs
-Take appropriate responsibility: Challenge total self-blame and negative thinking, noting aspects for which you may be truly responsible, as well as aspects that aren’t your responsibility.
-resist extremes: Develop new ways of thinking and feeling to replace maladaptive habits. For example, change from thinking “I am a total failure” to “I got a failing grade on that paper, and I can make these changes to succeed next time.”
