Chapter 9

Question 1

Acids

Answer 1

substance that donates hydrogen ions

Question 2

Amphoteric

Answer 2

able to function as either acid or base

Question 3

Anion Gap

Answer 3

calculation of the major measured cations and anions in the plasma; provides an indication of electrolyte and acid–base balance

Question 4

Bartter Syndrome

Answer 4

a type of metabolic alkalosis caused by salt-losing tubulopathy with secondary hyperaldosteronism

Question 5

Bases

Answer 5

substance that accepts hydrogen ions; substance with a pH above 7.0

Question 6

Buffer Systems

Answer 6

mixing of acid and base to resist pH change; system for trading stronger acids and bases for weaker varieties to achieve acid–base balance

Question 7

Gitelman Syndrome

Answer 7

a type of metabolic alkalosis also known as familial hypokalemia-hypomagnesemia and hypomagnesemia-hypokalemia with hypercalciuria

Question 8

Hepatic Steatosis

Answer 8

fatty liver

Question 9

Hepatomegaly

Answer 9

enlarged liver

Question 10

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Answer 10

antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV

Question 11

Hyperlactatemia

Answer 11

elevated blood lactic acid level

Question 12

Lactic Acidosis

Answer 12

pH less than 7.35 because of lactic acid elevation in the blood

Question 13

Lactic Acidosis Syndrome

Answer 13

life-threatening form of lactic acidosis

Question 14

Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 14

alteration in acid–base balance characterized by decreased levels of HCO3−, resulting in an increase in pH

Question 15

Metabolic Alkalosis

Answer 15

alteration in acid–base balance characterized by increased levels of HCO3− resulting in a decrease of pH

Question 16

Nonvolatile

Answer 16

circulating fixed acid that is unable to be excreted by the lungs; requires buffering and excretion by the kidneys

Question 17

Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Answer 17

a class of HAART drugs, that have improved morbidity and mortality

Question 18

Parenteral Nutrition

Answer 18

supplemental nutrition administered intravenously

Question 19

pH

Answer 19

measure of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in moles per liter expressed on a logarithmic scale; the number expresses the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

Question 20

Plasma Buffer System

Answer 20

reacts within seconds in response to hydrogen ion concentration

Question 21

Renal Buffer System

Answer 21

reacts within hours to days through the production, absorption, and excretion of acids, bases, and ions