Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Acromegaly
A
condition of hyperplasia prompted by excessive growth hormone stimulation
2
Q
Active Transport
A
requires energy when transporting particle
3
Q
Adenoid Hypertrophy
A
enlargement of lymphoepithelial adenoid tissue in the back of the nasal area and can result in obstruction of the nasal passage
4
Q
Adjuvant Therapy
A
applied after the initial treatment
5
Q
Aerobic Respiration
A
chemical reactions of oxidation and reduction between oxygen and nutrient products such as glucose
6
Q
Anaerobic Respiration
A
process of ATP production that occurs without oxygen
7
Q
Antiport
A
Movement of substances in opposite directions
8
Q
Somatostatin
A
Antigrowth hormone
9
Q
Apoptosis
A
programmed cell death
10
Q
Atrophy
A
decrease in individual cell size
11
Q
Binding Affinity
A
tightness, or strength of binding
12
Q
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
A
condition in which stressors prompt cellular alterations that lead to chronic, irreversible tissue changes
13
Q
Cardiac Hypertrophy
A
disease of cardiac muscle that results from excessive workload and functional demand
14
Q
Cerebral Atrophy
A
reduction in size of the cells in the cerebrum of the brain
15
Q
Cervical Os
A
is the opening at the center of the exocervix
16
Q
Cervix
A
anatomical region at the lower end of the uterus that dips into the vagina
17
Q
Chromatin
A
DNA, histone and nonhistone proteins
18
Q
Chromosomes
A
individual’s genetic code
19
Q
Citric Acid Cycle
A
breaks down sugars, fats, and proteins to produce products used for energy production in the mitochondria
20
Q
Colposcopy
A
visualization of the cervix using a speculum
21
Q
Columnar Epithelium
A
Column tissue
22
Q
Compliance
A
stiffness
23
Q
Concentration Gradient
A
movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
24
Q
Cotransport
A
substances are transported in the same direction
25
Countertransport
Movement of substances in opposite directions
26
Cytoplasm
everything inside the plasma membrane except the nucleus
27
* Cytoskeleton
o a framework made up of proteins organized into filaments and tubules, which contribute to cell shape, movement, and intracellular transport.
28
* Cytosol
o is the fluid within the cytoplasm
29
* Deficit Injury
o the cell is deprived of oxygenation, hydration, and nutrition
30
* Deoxyribonucleic Acid
o heredity material carrying the cell’s genetic instructions
31
* Differentiation
o changes in physical and functional properties of cells
32
* Diffusion
o movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
33
* Dysplasia
o actual change in cell size, shape, uniformity, arrangement, and structure
34
* Ectocervix
o portion of the cervix projecting into the vagina,
35
* Electrochemical gradient
o moves particles against the concentration
36
* Endocervix
o the area opening into the uterus
37
* Endocrine Signaling
o A wider range of impact occurs when signal transduction affects cell behavior within the entire organism
38
* Endocytosis
o rocess used to transport large substances into cells
39
* Endogenous
o from within the body system
40
* Endoplasmic Reticulum
o Rough (protein) and smooth (lipids)
41
* Exocervix
o portion of the cervix projecting into the vagina
42
* Exocytosis
o empty their contents into the extracellular environment
43
* Exogenous
o from the external environment
44
* External Os
o opening at the center of the exocervix
45
* Facilitated Diffusion
o aided by the use of transport proteins
46
* Familial Cardiac Hypertrophy
o Inherited cardiac hypertrophy
47
* Feedback Mechanisms
o regulate gene activation to tightly control protein production and to prevent cell damage caused by overproduction or underproduction
48
* Free Radical Injury
o Cellular damage resulting from ROS
49
* Genes
o individual units of inheritance
50
* Gigantism
o excessive growth due to excessive production of growth hormone
51
* Glycoplipids
o carbohydrate bound to lipid
52
* Glycolysis
o process of breaking down glucose in the cytosol of the cell
53
* Golgi Apparatus
o Prepares substances produced by the endoplasmic reticulum for secretion out of the cell
54
* Hormones
o ligands involved in endocrine signaling
55
* Human Papillomavirus
o is implicated as a common factor in the development of cervical dysplasia. HPV enters the host cell and can be integrated into its genome. The changes in the DNA are translated into unregulated cellular reproduction and can potentially result in cancer, although not all strains of the virus are considered to be oncogenic (cancer causing).
56
* Hydrophilic
o Likes water
57
* Hydrophobic
o Scared of water
58
* Hyperplasia
o increase in cell number
59
* Hypertrophy
o increase in cell size
60
* Insidious
o gradual, but with harmful effects
61
* Integral Proteins
o a specific type of transmembrane protein that, because of the tight binding to lipid tails, becomes part of the membrane itself
62
* Involution
o shrinkage, of tissues and organs
63
* Ischemia
o decreased oxygen supply to the cell
64
* Ligands
o Signaling molecules
65
* Lysosome
o Digests cellular debris with hydrolytic enzymes
66
* Mainstream Smoke
o Firsthand smoking
67
* Mechanical Injury
o caused by impact of a body part causing direct injury
68
* Membrane Pore
o membrane passage between the extracellular and intracellular environment
69
* Membrane Potential
o electrical charge inside a plasma membrane in relation to the surrounding extracellular fluid
70
* Metaplasia
o changing of one cell type to another
71
* Mitrochondrion
atp
72
* Mutations
o changes in the genetic material that makes up the chromosomes
73
* Necrosis
o death of cells related to cell injury
74
* Organelles
o tiny structures within the cytoplasm that have distinct functions essential to cellular survival
75
* Osmosis
o water passively moves across the semipermeable plasma membrane
76
* Osmotic Pressure
o pressure generated by osmosis
77
* Papanicolaou Smear
o cervical screening
78
* Paracrine Signaling
o A ligand binding to receptors that result in signal transduction with a local, rapid effect
79
* Peripheral Proteins
o do not pass through the entire membrane, projecting into either the intracellular or the extracellular environment.
80
* Peroxisome
o Contains enzymes called oxidases that neutralize free radicals (unstable molecules with unpaired electrons)
81
* Phagocytes
o ingesting large particles such as cells, bacteria, and damaged cellular components
82
* Phagocytosis
o process of ingesting large particles such as cells, bacteria, and damaged cellular components by cells
83
* Phagosome
o The phagocyte containing the solid particle
84
* Phospholipids
o Head and tail
85
* Pinocytosis
o ATP-requiring process of ingesting contents of small liquid-containing vesicles
86
* Plasma Cell Membrane
o barrier
87
* Primary Active Transport
o requires the direct use of energy in the form of ATP
88
* Proliferation
o increase in cell number
89
* Reactive Oxygen Species
o toxic oxygen molecules or radicals that are formed by the reaction between oxygen (O2) and water (H2O) during mitochondrial respiration
90
* Receptor
o Allow target cells to communicate
91
* Ribonucleic Acid
o RNA
92
* Secondary Active Transport
o When movement of a second substance depends on energy derived from the active transport of the primary substance
93
* Secretion
o extracellular release of products
94
* Sidestream Smoke
o Secondhand smoking
95
* Signal Transduction
o When a ligand binds to a receptor, the target cell begins the process of communication
96
* Spinal Muscular Atrophy
o results from disuse caused by impaired neural innervation to muscle tissue. Signals to muscle cells are decreased because of motor neuron loss within the brain or spinal cord. The decreased stimulation of muscle cells because of neural signaling loss causes atrophy, resulting in weakness of voluntary muscles. The loss of function associated with the atrophic cell and tissue changes highlights many conditions characterized by atrophy.
97
* Squamocolumnar Junction
o location where these two epithelial cells merge
98
* Squamous Epithelium
o Square tissue
99
* Symport
o substances are transported in the same direction
100
* Syncope
o fainting
101
* Syndactyly
o the fusion or incomplete separation of digit soft tissue.
102
* Thermal Injury
o caused by temperature
103
* Transformation Zone
o area comprising the merging of these cell types
104
* Transmembrane Proteins
o Proteins that pass through the entire membrane
