Chapter 2 Flashcards
Acromegaly
condition of hyperplasia prompted by excessive growth hormone stimulation
Active Transport
requires energy when transporting particle
Adenoid Hypertrophy
enlargement of lymphoepithelial adenoid tissue in the back of the nasal area and can result in obstruction of the nasal passage
Adjuvant Therapy
applied after the initial treatment
Aerobic Respiration
chemical reactions of oxidation and reduction between oxygen and nutrient products such as glucose
Anaerobic Respiration
process of ATP production that occurs without oxygen
Antiport
Movement of substances in opposite directions
Somatostatin
Antigrowth hormone
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
Atrophy
decrease in individual cell size
Binding Affinity
tightness, or strength of binding
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
condition in which stressors prompt cellular alterations that lead to chronic, irreversible tissue changes
Cardiac Hypertrophy
disease of cardiac muscle that results from excessive workload and functional demand
Cerebral Atrophy
reduction in size of the cells in the cerebrum of the brain
Cervical Os
is the opening at the center of the exocervix
Cervix
anatomical region at the lower end of the uterus that dips into the vagina
Chromatin
DNA, histone and nonhistone proteins
Chromosomes
individual’s genetic code
Citric Acid Cycle
breaks down sugars, fats, and proteins to produce products used for energy production in the mitochondria
Colposcopy
visualization of the cervix using a speculum
Columnar Epithelium
Column tissue
Compliance
stiffness
Concentration Gradient
movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Cotransport
substances are transported in the same direction
Countertransport
Movement of substances in opposite directions
Cytoplasm
everything inside the plasma membrane except the nucleus
- Cytoskeleton
o a framework made up of proteins organized into filaments and tubules, which contribute to cell shape, movement, and intracellular transport.
- Cytosol
o is the fluid within the cytoplasm
- Deficit Injury
o the cell is deprived of oxygenation, hydration, and nutrition
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid
o heredity material carrying the cell’s genetic instructions
- Differentiation
o changes in physical and functional properties of cells
- Diffusion
o movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
- Dysplasia
o actual change in cell size, shape, uniformity, arrangement, and structure
- Ectocervix
o portion of the cervix projecting into the vagina,
- Electrochemical gradient
o moves particles against the concentration
- Endocervix
o the area opening into the uterus
- Endocrine Signaling
o A wider range of impact occurs when signal transduction affects cell behavior within the entire organism
- Endocytosis
o rocess used to transport large substances into cells
- Endogenous
o from within the body system
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
o Rough (protein) and smooth (lipids)
- Exocervix
o portion of the cervix projecting into the vagina
- Exocytosis
o empty their contents into the extracellular environment
- Exogenous
o from the external environment
- External Os
o opening at the center of the exocervix
- Facilitated Diffusion
o aided by the use of transport proteins
- Familial Cardiac Hypertrophy
o Inherited cardiac hypertrophy
- Feedback Mechanisms
o regulate gene activation to tightly control protein production and to prevent cell damage caused by overproduction or underproduction
- Free Radical Injury
o Cellular damage resulting from ROS
- Genes
o individual units of inheritance
- Gigantism
o excessive growth due to excessive production of growth hormone
- Glycoplipids
o carbohydrate bound to lipid
- Glycolysis
o process of breaking down glucose in the cytosol of the cell
- Golgi Apparatus
o Prepares substances produced by the endoplasmic reticulum for secretion out of the cell
- Hormones
o ligands involved in endocrine signaling
- Human Papillomavirus
o is implicated as a common factor in the development of cervical dysplasia. HPV enters the host cell and can be integrated into its genome. The changes in the DNA are translated into unregulated cellular reproduction and can potentially result in cancer, although not all strains of the virus are considered to be oncogenic (cancer causing).
- Hydrophilic
o Likes water
- Hydrophobic
o Scared of water
- Hyperplasia
o increase in cell number
- Hypertrophy
o increase in cell size
- Insidious
o gradual, but with harmful effects
- Integral Proteins
o a specific type of transmembrane protein that, because of the tight binding to lipid tails, becomes part of the membrane itself
- Involution
o shrinkage, of tissues and organs
- Ischemia
o decreased oxygen supply to the cell
- Ligands
o Signaling molecules
- Lysosome
o Digests cellular debris with hydrolytic enzymes
- Mainstream Smoke
o Firsthand smoking
- Mechanical Injury
o caused by impact of a body part causing direct injury
- Membrane Pore
o membrane passage between the extracellular and intracellular environment
- Membrane Potential
o electrical charge inside a plasma membrane in relation to the surrounding extracellular fluid
- Metaplasia
o changing of one cell type to another
- Mitrochondrion
atp
- Mutations
o changes in the genetic material that makes up the chromosomes
- Necrosis
o death of cells related to cell injury
- Organelles
o tiny structures within the cytoplasm that have distinct functions essential to cellular survival
- Osmosis
o water passively moves across the semipermeable plasma membrane
- Osmotic Pressure
o pressure generated by osmosis
- Papanicolaou Smear
o cervical screening
- Paracrine Signaling
o A ligand binding to receptors that result in signal transduction with a local, rapid effect
- Peripheral Proteins
o do not pass through the entire membrane, projecting into either the intracellular or the extracellular environment.
- Peroxisome
o Contains enzymes called oxidases that neutralize free radicals (unstable molecules with unpaired electrons)
- Phagocytes
o ingesting large particles such as cells, bacteria, and damaged cellular components
- Phagocytosis
o process of ingesting large particles such as cells, bacteria, and damaged cellular components by cells
- Phagosome
o The phagocyte containing the solid particle
- Phospholipids
o Head and tail
- Pinocytosis
o ATP-requiring process of ingesting contents of small liquid-containing vesicles
- Plasma Cell Membrane
o barrier
- Primary Active Transport
o requires the direct use of energy in the form of ATP
- Proliferation
o increase in cell number
- Reactive Oxygen Species
o toxic oxygen molecules or radicals that are formed by the reaction between oxygen (O2) and water (H2O) during mitochondrial respiration
- Receptor
o Allow target cells to communicate
- Ribonucleic Acid
o RNA
- Secondary Active Transport
o When movement of a second substance depends on energy derived from the active transport of the primary substance
- Secretion
o extracellular release of products
- Sidestream Smoke
o Secondhand smoking
- Signal Transduction
o When a ligand binds to a receptor, the target cell begins the process of communication
- Spinal Muscular Atrophy
o results from disuse caused by impaired neural innervation to muscle tissue. Signals to muscle cells are decreased because of motor neuron loss within the brain or spinal cord. The decreased stimulation of muscle cells because of neural signaling loss causes atrophy, resulting in weakness of voluntary muscles. The loss of function associated with the atrophic cell and tissue changes highlights many conditions characterized by atrophy.
- Squamocolumnar Junction
o location where these two epithelial cells merge
- Squamous Epithelium
o Square tissue
- Symport
o substances are transported in the same direction
- Syncope
o fainting
- Syndactyly
o the fusion or incomplete separation of digit soft tissue.
- Thermal Injury
o caused by temperature
- Transformation Zone
o area comprising the merging of these cell types
- Transmembrane Proteins
o Proteins that pass through the entire membrane
