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Pathophysiology Term #1 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Anion Exchange

A

transport of one negatively charged ion for another in opposite directions across the plasma (cell) membrane

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2
Q

Anions

A

ions with a negative charge

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3
Q

Anuria

A

kidneys are no longer producing urine causing no urinary output

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4
Q

Aquaporins

A

channels in the plasma (cell) membrane; allow water movement between compartments

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5
Q

Ascites

A

accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

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6
Q

Cation Exchange

A

transport of one positively charged ion for another in opposite directions across the plasma (cell) membrane

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7
Q

Cations

A

ion with a positive charge

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8
Q

Cirrhosis

A

an end-stage liver disease marked by interference of blood flow to the liver and widespread hepatocyte damage, scarring, and tissue thickening

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9
Q

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

A

the pressure induced by proteins in blood plasma

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10
Q

Dehydration

A

the result of decreased extracellular fluid volume or increased sodium content in relation to water content

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11
Q

Diuretics

A

drugs that increase urine production and elimination

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12
Q

Edema

A

the presence of excessive watery fluid that accumulates in the tissues; swelling

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13
Q

Electrolytes

A

ionizable substances in solution; conduct electricity in solution

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14
Q

Extracellular Compartment

A

body fluid in the interstitial tissue and plasma outside the cells; contains two thirds of the body water; accounts for 40% of body weight

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15
Q

Filtration

A

fluid movement from within the vessel to the interstitial space

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16
Q

Filtration Pressure

A

the force that promotes movement of fluid across a pressure gradient

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17
Q

Hemorrhage

A

the loss of blood through the vessel wall

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18
Q

Hepatorenal Syndrome

A

kidney failure caused by severe renal vasoconstriction in patients with liver disease

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19
Q

Hydrostatic Forces

A

force promoting fluid movement between extracellular compartments; promotes movement of fluid based on the pressure gradient; also known as filtration pressure

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20
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

blood calcium levels greater than 10.5 mg/dL

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21
Q

Hyperchloremia

A

blood chloride levels greater than 108 mEq/L

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22
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

blood potassium levels greater than 5 mEq/L

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23
Q

Hypermagnesemia

A

blood magnesium levels greater than 2.5 mEq/L

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24
Q

Hypernatremia

A

blood sodium levels greater than 145 mEq/L

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25
Hypernatremic Dehydration
result of hypotonic fluid loss
26
Hyperphosphatemia
blood phosphate levels greater than 4.5 mg/dL
27
Hypertonic
solutions having a greater osmolality than the intracellular fluid
28
Hypervolemia
excessive increase of fluid in the extracellular compartment
29
Hypocalcemia
blood calcium level less than 8.5 mg/dL
30
Hypochloremia
blood chloride level less than 98 mEq/L
31
Hypokalemia
blood potassium level less than 3.5 mEq/L
32
Hypomagnesemia
blood magnesium level less than 1.5 mEq/L
33
Hyponatremia
blood sodium level less than 135 mEq/L
34
Hyponatremic Dehydration
the fluid lost contains more sodium than the amount contained in the blood, leading to a hypotonic state
35
Hypoparathyroidism
blood parathyroid level less than 10 pg/mL (picograms per milliliter)
36
Hypophosphatemia
blood phosphate level less than 2.5 mg/dL
37
Hypotonic
solutions having a lower osmolality than the intercellular fluid
38
Hypovolemia
decreased blood/plasma volume
39
Intracellular Compartment
fluid inside the cells; contains two thirds of the body water, accounting for 40% of body weight
40
Ions
electrically charged particles resulting from gain or loss of at least one electron; negatively charged particles known as anions; positively charged particles known as cations
41
Isonatremic Dehydration
results in equal solute and water loss and maintains normal sodium concentration
42
Isotonic
solutions with same osmolality as the intracellular fluid
43
Lactated Ringer’s
the crystallosis solution, containing sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, and lactate in concentrations that mirror those found in plasma and may also be appropriate intravenous treatment in large volume fluid resuscitation
44
Loop Diuretics
drugs that increase urination; these drugs affect urine production through reduced reabsorption of sodium in the thick ascending loop of Henle, causing a decreased osmolality in the interstitial fluid of the collecting ducts, impairing the ability to concentrate urine at the loop, and increasing urine production
45
Lymphedema
obstructed lymph flow with movement of fluid into the interstitium
46
Nephron Loop
a descending thin limb and a thick ascending limb that create the concentration gradient
47
Nephrons
functional unit of the kidney; composed of the glomerulus, proximal tubule, loop of Henle (nephron loop), distal tubule, and collecting duct; responsible for filtering water-soluble substances from the blood; reabsorption of filtered nutrients, water, and electrolytes; and secretion of wastes
48
Oliguria
reduced urine output
49
Osmolality
reduced urine output
50
Osmoreceptors
sensory neurons in the hypothalamus that promote thirst
51
Osmosis
movement of water across a concentration gradient; water movement to an area of higher concentration of particles (less water content) from an area of lower concentration of particles (more water content); regulated by the concentration of particles that do not diffuse across the semipermeable membrane
52
Osmotic Pressure
force generated as water moves through the membrane by osmosis
53
Paracentesis
the insertion of a cannula into the peritoneal cavity to remove ascitic fluid
54
Paresthesia
abnormal sensation, such as burning, pricking, tickling, or tingling
55
Pitting Edema
edema that leaves an indentation after pressure is applied
56
Portal Hypertension
elevation in the hepatic pressure of the liver
57
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics:
(aldosterone receptor antagonists) reduce sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct
58
Reabsorption
fluid pulled from the interstitial space into the intravascular space
59
Thiazide Diuretics
drug that increases urine output through prevention of NaCl reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule
60
Tonicity
the osmotic pressure or tension of an extracellular solution
61
Turgor
fullness; evaluation made on skin to determine hydration status

Pathophysiology Term #1 (9 decks)

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