Chapter 8 Flashcards
Anion Exchange
transport of one negatively charged ion for another in opposite directions across the plasma (cell) membrane
Anions
ions with a negative charge
Anuria
kidneys are no longer producing urine causing no urinary output
Aquaporins
channels in the plasma (cell) membrane; allow water movement between compartments
Ascites
accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Cation Exchange
transport of one positively charged ion for another in opposite directions across the plasma (cell) membrane
Cations
ion with a positive charge
Cirrhosis
an end-stage liver disease marked by interference of blood flow to the liver and widespread hepatocyte damage, scarring, and tissue thickening
Colloid Osmotic Pressure
the pressure induced by proteins in blood plasma
Dehydration
the result of decreased extracellular fluid volume or increased sodium content in relation to water content
Diuretics
drugs that increase urine production and elimination
Edema
the presence of excessive watery fluid that accumulates in the tissues; swelling
Electrolytes
ionizable substances in solution; conduct electricity in solution
Extracellular Compartment
body fluid in the interstitial tissue and plasma outside the cells; contains two thirds of the body water; accounts for 40% of body weight
Filtration
fluid movement from within the vessel to the interstitial space
Filtration Pressure
the force that promotes movement of fluid across a pressure gradient
Hemorrhage
the loss of blood through the vessel wall
Hepatorenal Syndrome
kidney failure caused by severe renal vasoconstriction in patients with liver disease
Hydrostatic Forces
force promoting fluid movement between extracellular compartments; promotes movement of fluid based on the pressure gradient; also known as filtration pressure
Hypercalcemia
blood calcium levels greater than 10.5 mg/dL
Hyperchloremia
blood chloride levels greater than 108 mEq/L
Hyperkalemia
blood potassium levels greater than 5 mEq/L
Hypermagnesemia
blood magnesium levels greater than 2.5 mEq/L
Hypernatremia
blood sodium levels greater than 145 mEq/L
Hypernatremic Dehydration
result of hypotonic fluid loss
Hyperphosphatemia
blood phosphate levels greater than 4.5 mg/dL
Hypertonic
solutions having a greater osmolality than the intracellular fluid
Hypervolemia
excessive increase of fluid in the extracellular compartment
Hypocalcemia
blood calcium level less than 8.5 mg/dL
Hypochloremia
blood chloride level less than 98 mEq/L
Hypokalemia
blood potassium level less than 3.5 mEq/L
Hypomagnesemia
blood magnesium level less than 1.5 mEq/L
Hyponatremia
blood sodium level less than 135 mEq/L
Hyponatremic Dehydration
the fluid lost contains more sodium than the amount contained in the blood, leading to a hypotonic state
Hypoparathyroidism
blood parathyroid level less than 10 pg/mL (picograms per milliliter)
Hypophosphatemia
blood phosphate level less than 2.5 mg/dL
Hypotonic
solutions having a lower osmolality than the intercellular fluid
Hypovolemia
decreased blood/plasma volume
Intracellular Compartment
fluid inside the cells; contains two thirds of the body water, accounting for 40% of body weight
Ions
electrically charged particles resulting from gain or loss of at least one electron; negatively charged particles known as anions; positively charged particles known as cations
Isonatremic Dehydration
results in equal solute and water loss and maintains normal sodium concentration
Isotonic
solutions with same osmolality as the intracellular fluid
Lactated Ringer’s
the crystallosis solution, containing sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, and lactate in concentrations that mirror those found in plasma and may also be appropriate intravenous treatment in large volume fluid resuscitation
Loop Diuretics
drugs that increase urination; these drugs affect urine production through reduced reabsorption of sodium in the thick ascending loop of Henle, causing a decreased osmolality in the interstitial fluid of the collecting ducts, impairing the ability to concentrate urine at the loop, and increasing urine production
Lymphedema
obstructed lymph flow with movement of fluid into the interstitium
Nephron Loop
a descending thin limb and a thick ascending limb that create the concentration gradient
Nephrons
functional unit of the kidney; composed of the glomerulus, proximal tubule, loop of Henle (nephron loop), distal tubule, and collecting duct; responsible for filtering water-soluble substances from the blood; reabsorption of filtered nutrients, water, and electrolytes; and secretion of wastes
Oliguria
reduced urine output
Osmolality
reduced urine output
Osmoreceptors
sensory neurons in the hypothalamus that promote thirst
Osmosis
movement of water across a concentration gradient; water movement to an area of higher concentration of particles (less water content) from an area of lower concentration of particles (more water content); regulated by the concentration of particles that do not diffuse across the semipermeable membrane
Osmotic Pressure
force generated as water moves through the membrane by osmosis
Paracentesis
the insertion of a cannula into the peritoneal cavity to remove ascitic fluid
Paresthesia
abnormal sensation, such as burning, pricking, tickling, or tingling
Pitting Edema
edema that leaves an indentation after pressure is applied
Portal Hypertension
elevation in the hepatic pressure of the liver
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics:
(aldosterone receptor antagonists) reduce sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct
Reabsorption
fluid pulled from the interstitial space into the intravascular space
Thiazide Diuretics
drug that increases urine output through prevention of NaCl reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule
Tonicity
the osmotic pressure or tension of an extracellular solution
Turgor
fullness; evaluation made on skin to determine hydration status
