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Pathophysiology Term #1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

A

The condition caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

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2
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Immune system response stimulated when specialized cells come in to contact with an antigen.

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3
Q

Allergens

A

Antigens commonly considered to be harmless.

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4
Q

Alloantibodies

A

Antibodies produced against alloantigens.

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5
Q

Alloantigens

A

Proteins that vary between individuals.

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6
Q

Allograft

A

Graft between unrelated individuals.

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7
Q

Alloimmunity

A

Occurs when an immune response is stimulated in response to the presence of cells from another individual of the same species.

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8
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Serious type 1 immediate hypersensitivity reaction; characterized by edema and vasodilation; leads to hypotension.

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9
Q

Angiodema

A

Sudden subcutaneous swelling.

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10
Q

Antibodies

A

Immunoglobulins that react with an antigen in a specific way.

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11
Q

Antigen

A

Substance that induces a state of sensitivity or an immune response.

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12
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

Mature dendritic cells; assist in recognition of particles that are not part of the individual.

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13
Q

Antigenic variation

A

One of the most effects methods used by pathogens to evade detection from the immune system.

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14
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death in response to genetic signals.

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15
Q

Arthus reaction

A

When the complex mediated immune response is in the skin; resulting area of localized tissue necrosis

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16
Q

Atopic

A

Developing symptoms after exposure to a wide number or commonly encountered allergens

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17
Q

Attenuated

A

Reduced ability to cause disease

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18
Q

Autograft

A

Grafts from different sites on the same person.

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19
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Immunity directed at an individuals own tissues.

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20
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Develop in the bone marrow; differentiate into antibody secreting plasma cells.

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21
Q

B cell receptor

A

Allows B lymphocytes to recognize specific antigens.

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22
Q

Basophils

A

Complement the action of mast cells; important in allergic reactions.

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23
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

A component of the adaptive immune response.

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24
Q

Clinal expansion

A

Differentiation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells capable of secreting large quantities of single specificity antibodies.

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25
Q

Clonal selection

A

Clones of the B lymphocytes carrying cell surface receptors for specific antigens.

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26
Q

Clusters of differentiation

A

Membrane surface molecules on T lymphocytes.

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27
Q

Conjugated vaccines

A

Promote activation of more than one cell type.

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28
Q

Cytotoxic t lymphocyte

A

Provide direct destruction of antigen carrying cells.

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29
Q

Delayed hypersensitivity reactions

A

Mediated by antigen specific t lymphocytes; t lymphocytes respond to antigens presented to them.

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30
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Critical to processing and displaying antigens to t lymphocytes.

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31
Q

Direct cell mediated toxicity

A

Damage occurs in cells and tissues as a direct response to CD8 (cytotoxic T cell) destruction of cells with recognized antigens.

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32
Q

Effector cells

A

Plasma cells that secrete antibodies.

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33
Q

Elicitation phase

A

Memory t lymphocytes in the dermis are stimulated by a subsequent exposure to the specific antigen.

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34
Q

Eosinophils

A

Offer the greatest protection against parasites.

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35
Q

Epitope

A

The part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches.

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36
Q

Familial tendency

A

Propagation of autoimmunity among family members.

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37
Q

Graft versus host disease

A

A condition that occurs when donor bone marrow or stem cells attack the recipient.

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38
Q

Grafts

A

Unattached tissues or organs used for implantation.

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39
Q

Helper t lymphocytes

A

Enhance humoral and cell mediated responses of the immune system.

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40
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells

A

Cells that can differentiate into healthy blood cells.

41
Q

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

A

Damage that results from Rh isoimmunization includes cell destruction of the antigen targets, which are fetal red blood cells; causes hemolytic anemia in the fetus or newborn resulting from red blood cell destruction.

42
Q

Host

A

Person on which the pathogen lives.

43
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus

A

An enveloped retrovirus that infects helper T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages.

44
Q

Human leukocyte antigens

A

MHC molecules; important for recognizing the body’s “self” antigens from foreign “non self” antigens.

45
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Adaptive immunity that involves antibodies.

46
Q

Hydrops fetalis

A

Swollen fetal tissues.

47
Q

Hyperacute graft rejection

A

Rapid rejection of grafts.

48
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Disorders that result from excessive immune responses to allergens.

49
Q

IgE mediated hypersensitivity reactions

A

Produces due to repeated exposure to the same allergen; responsible for range of symptoms, some of which can be life threatening.

50
Q

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions

A

Immune responses that are exaggerated or inappropriate against an antigen or allergen.

51
Q

Immunity

A

Process by which the body recognizes foreign substances and neutralizes them to prevent damage.

52
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

Failure of the immune system to protect the body adequately from infection, due to the absence or insufficiency of some component process or substance.

53
Q

Immunoglobulin

A

Antibody secreted that detects and binds to specific antigens.

54
Q

Immunologic memory

A

The ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered before.

55
Q

Immunology

A

The study of the structure and function of the immune system as well as the immunity, induced sensitivity, and allergy.

56
Q

Innate immunity

A

Rapid immune response initiated by many different pathogens without requiring prior exposure.

57
Q

Kerniceterus

A

Brain damage caused by unconjugated bilirubin deposits in the basal ganglia and brain stem nuclei.

58
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Immature dendritic cells in the skin; carry surface receptors for immunoglobulin and complement; important in the immune response.

59
Q

Latency

A

A period of inactivity

60
Q

Lymph

A

A liquid filtration product of extra cellular fluid from the tissues and is returned to the blood.

61
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Joined segments of lymphatic vessels.

62
Q

Lymphocyte ignorance

A

Converting lymphocytes from non responsive to self reactive

63
Q

Lymphoid progenitor

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell precursor that produces t lymphocytes, b lymphocytes, and natural killer cells.

64
Q

Macrophages

A

A large, phagocytic cell found in stationary form in the tissues or as a mobile white blood cell, especially at the sites of infection.

65
Q

Memory

A

Immune cells produce substances that remember and more easily destroy return offenders.

66
Q

Memory cells

A

Cells that continue to exist after the antigen is eliminated; important component of immunologic memory.

67
Q

MHC class 1 molecule

A

Found on nucleated body cells and is recognized by the cytotoxic T cells; trap an antigen within the cell and then transport it to the cell surface.

68
Q

MHC class 2 molecule

A

Found on antigen presenting cells and is recognized by helper T cells; trap an antigen within the cell and then transport it to the cell surface.

69
Q

Molecular mimicry

A

Close resemblance between foreign and self antigen

70
Q

Monocytes

A

Large, mononuclear leukocytes that represent 3-7% of the total number of circulating leukocytes.

71
Q

Myeloid progenitor

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell precursor that produces granulocytes and monocytes.

72
Q

Naive lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes that have not yet encountered an antigen, enabling them to survive.

73
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Large, granular lymphocytes; circulate until they come into contact with a targeted cell and attack through cytotoxic effect.

74
Q

Neutralization

A

Binding of the antigen to the antibody which prevents the antigen from infecting cells.

75
Q

Neutrophils

A

Present in the greatest number and are most important in rapid response to bacterial infections.

76
Q

Opsonization

A

Promoting phagocytosis and destruction of the pathogen through the phagocytes ability to recognize the constant region of the antibody that is bound to or coating the antigen.

77
Q

Polygenic

A

Containing several MHC class 1 and 2 genes.

78
Q

Polymorphic

A

Occurring in more than one form.

79
Q

Quiescence

A

Decreased symptoms.

80
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

Suppressor cells; discovered by study of T cell mediated responses.

81
Q

Rh isoimmunization

A

A direct antigen antibody hypersensitivity reaction between a mother and her fetus.

82
Q

Sensitization phase

A

Begins when the antigen crosses the skin; antigens are taken up by langerhans cells and transported the lymph nodes. These cells then develop into mature dendritic cells, which are able to present antigens to helper T cells and activate them b

83
Q

Seroconversion

A

A change from a zero what I’ve to seropositive condition.

84
Q

Serum sickness

A

Reaction that is similar to an allergy; develop signs and symptoms at the injection site as well as systemic signs and symptoms; results from antigen antibody complex deposition in blood vessels and tissue, prompting complement activation and an inflammatory response.

85
Q

Specificity

A

The immune cells seek out and destroy targeted foreign invaders.

86
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

Inhibit humoral and cell mediated responses; provide a balance, limiting immune response.

87
Q

Syngenic

A

Grafts from genetically identical individuals/monozygotic twins.

88
Q

System lupus erythematosus

A

Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction; autoimmune disease and features responses from both the innate and humoral immune systems.

89
Q

T cells

A

Differentiated into cytotoxic, helper, and suppressor cells.

90
Q

T cell receptor

A

Unique receptor, which is able to bind to antigens, promoting a specific immune response.

91
Q

TH1 cells

A

Activate macrophages, secrete chemokines, and cytokines to attract macrophages, promote fusion of lysosomes with vesicles containing bacteria, and stimulate phagocytosis.

92
Q

TH2 cells

A

Second subset of CD4 cells; activate B cells to produce antibodies.

93
Q

Type 1 reactions

A

Immune responses that are exaggerated or inappropriate against an antigen or allergen.

94
Q

Type 2 antibody mediated reactions

A

Result from mistaken identity; immune response is mounted that results in cell damage; tissue specific, usually involving destruction of a target cell by antibody binding to antigen on the cell surface.

95
Q

Type 3 immune complex mediated reactions

A

Cellular and tissue damage resulting indirectly of complement activation stimulated by antigen antibody complexes.

96
Q

Type 4 mediated hypersensitivity reactions

A

Immune responses caused by T cells mediated reactions rather than antigen antibody reactions.

97
Q

Urticaria

A

Itching

98
Q

Vaccines

A

Stimulates immunity through exposure to an antigen.

Pathophysiology Term #1 (9 decks)

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