Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
A
The condition caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
2
Q
Adaptive Immunity
A
Immune system response stimulated when specialized cells come in to contact with an antigen.
3
Q
Allergens
A
Antigens commonly considered to be harmless.
4
Q
Alloantibodies
A
Antibodies produced against alloantigens.
5
Q
Alloantigens
A
Proteins that vary between individuals.
6
Q
Allograft
A
Graft between unrelated individuals.
7
Q
Alloimmunity
A
Occurs when an immune response is stimulated in response to the presence of cells from another individual of the same species.
8
Q
Anaphylaxis
A
Serious type 1 immediate hypersensitivity reaction; characterized by edema and vasodilation; leads to hypotension.
9
Q
Angiodema
A
Sudden subcutaneous swelling.
10
Q
Antibodies
A
Immunoglobulins that react with an antigen in a specific way.
11
Q
Antigen
A
Substance that induces a state of sensitivity or an immune response.
12
Q
Antigen presenting cells
A
Mature dendritic cells; assist in recognition of particles that are not part of the individual.
13
Q
Antigenic variation
A
One of the most effects methods used by pathogens to evade detection from the immune system.
14
Q
Apoptosis
A
Programmed cell death in response to genetic signals.
15
Q
Arthus reaction
A
When the complex mediated immune response is in the skin; resulting area of localized tissue necrosis
16
Q
Atopic
A
Developing symptoms after exposure to a wide number or commonly encountered allergens
17
Q
Attenuated
A
Reduced ability to cause disease
18
Q
Autograft
A
Grafts from different sites on the same person.
19
Q
Autoimmunity
A
Immunity directed at an individuals own tissues.
20
Q
B lymphocytes
A
Develop in the bone marrow; differentiate into antibody secreting plasma cells.
21
Q
B cell receptor
A
Allows B lymphocytes to recognize specific antigens.
22
Q
Basophils
A
Complement the action of mast cells; important in allergic reactions.
23
Q
Cell mediated immunity
A
A component of the adaptive immune response.
24
Q
Clinal expansion
A
Differentiation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells capable of secreting large quantities of single specificity antibodies.
25
Clonal selection
Clones of the B lymphocytes carrying cell surface receptors for specific antigens.
26
Clusters of differentiation
Membrane surface molecules on T lymphocytes.
27
Conjugated vaccines
Promote activation of more than one cell type.
28
Cytotoxic t lymphocyte
Provide direct destruction of antigen carrying cells.
29
Delayed hypersensitivity reactions
Mediated by antigen specific t lymphocytes; t lymphocytes respond to antigens presented to them.
30
Dendritic cells
Critical to processing and displaying antigens to t lymphocytes.
31
Direct cell mediated toxicity
Damage occurs in cells and tissues as a direct response to CD8 (cytotoxic T cell) destruction of cells with recognized antigens.
32
Effector cells
Plasma cells that secrete antibodies.
33
Elicitation phase
Memory t lymphocytes in the dermis are stimulated by a subsequent exposure to the specific antigen.
34
Eosinophils
Offer the greatest protection against parasites.
35
Epitope
The part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches.
36
Familial tendency
Propagation of autoimmunity among family members.
37
Graft versus host disease
A condition that occurs when donor bone marrow or stem cells attack the recipient.
38
Grafts
Unattached tissues or organs used for implantation.
39
Helper t lymphocytes
Enhance humoral and cell mediated responses of the immune system.
40
Hematopoietic stem cells
Cells that can differentiate into healthy blood cells.
41
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Damage that results from Rh isoimmunization includes cell destruction of the antigen targets, which are fetal red blood cells; causes hemolytic anemia in the fetus or newborn resulting from red blood cell destruction.
42
Host
Person on which the pathogen lives.
43
Human immunodeficiency virus
An enveloped retrovirus that infects helper T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages.
44
Human leukocyte antigens
MHC molecules; important for recognizing the body’s “self” antigens from foreign “non self” antigens.
45
Humoral immunity
Adaptive immunity that involves antibodies.
46
Hydrops fetalis
Swollen fetal tissues.
47
Hyperacute graft rejection
Rapid rejection of grafts.
48
Hypersensitivity
Disorders that result from excessive immune responses to allergens.
49
IgE mediated hypersensitivity reactions
Produces due to repeated exposure to the same allergen; responsible for range of symptoms, some of which can be life threatening.
50
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions
Immune responses that are exaggerated or inappropriate against an antigen or allergen.
51
Immunity
Process by which the body recognizes foreign substances and neutralizes them to prevent damage.
52
Immunodeficiency
Failure of the immune system to protect the body adequately from infection, due to the absence or insufficiency of some component process or substance.
53
Immunoglobulin
Antibody secreted that detects and binds to specific antigens.
54
Immunologic memory
The ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered before.
55
Immunology
The study of the structure and function of the immune system as well as the immunity, induced sensitivity, and allergy.
56
Innate immunity
Rapid immune response initiated by many different pathogens without requiring prior exposure.
57
Kerniceterus
Brain damage caused by unconjugated bilirubin deposits in the basal ganglia and brain stem nuclei.
58
Langerhans cells
Immature dendritic cells in the skin; carry surface receptors for immunoglobulin and complement; important in the immune response.
59
Latency
A period of inactivity
60
Lymph
A liquid filtration product of extra cellular fluid from the tissues and is returned to the blood.
61
Lymph nodes
Joined segments of lymphatic vessels.
62
Lymphocyte ignorance
Converting lymphocytes from non responsive to self reactive
63
Lymphoid progenitor
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell precursor that produces t lymphocytes, b lymphocytes, and natural killer cells.
64
Macrophages
A large, phagocytic cell found in stationary form in the tissues or as a mobile white blood cell, especially at the sites of infection.
65
Memory
Immune cells produce substances that remember and more easily destroy return offenders.
66
Memory cells
Cells that continue to exist after the antigen is eliminated; important component of immunologic memory.
67
MHC class 1 molecule
Found on nucleated body cells and is recognized by the cytotoxic T cells; trap an antigen within the cell and then transport it to the cell surface.
68
MHC class 2 molecule
Found on antigen presenting cells and is recognized by helper T cells; trap an antigen within the cell and then transport it to the cell surface.
69
Molecular mimicry
Close resemblance between foreign and self antigen
70
Monocytes
Large, mononuclear leukocytes that represent 3-7% of the total number of circulating leukocytes.
71
Myeloid progenitor
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell precursor that produces granulocytes and monocytes.
72
Naive lymphocytes
Lymphocytes that have not yet encountered an antigen, enabling them to survive.
73
Natural killer cells
Large, granular lymphocytes; circulate until they come into contact with a targeted cell and attack through cytotoxic effect.
74
Neutralization
Binding of the antigen to the antibody which prevents the antigen from infecting cells.
75
Neutrophils
Present in the greatest number and are most important in rapid response to bacterial infections.
76
Opsonization
Promoting phagocytosis and destruction of the pathogen through the phagocytes ability to recognize the constant region of the antibody that is bound to or coating the antigen.
77
Polygenic
Containing several MHC class 1 and 2 genes.
78
Polymorphic
Occurring in more than one form.
79
Quiescence
Decreased symptoms.
80
Regulatory T cells
Suppressor cells; discovered by study of T cell mediated responses.
81
Rh isoimmunization
A direct antigen antibody hypersensitivity reaction between a mother and her fetus.
82
Sensitization phase
Begins when the antigen crosses the skin; antigens are taken up by langerhans cells and transported the lymph nodes. These cells then develop into mature dendritic cells, which are able to present antigens to helper T cells and activate them b
83
Seroconversion
A change from a zero what I’ve to seropositive condition.
84
Serum sickness
Reaction that is similar to an allergy; develop signs and symptoms at the injection site as well as systemic signs and symptoms; results from antigen antibody complex deposition in blood vessels and tissue, prompting complement activation and an inflammatory response.
85
Specificity
The immune cells seek out and destroy targeted foreign invaders.
86
Suppressor T cells
Inhibit humoral and cell mediated responses; provide a balance, limiting immune response.
87
Syngenic
Grafts from genetically identical individuals/monozygotic twins.
88
System lupus erythematosus
Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction; autoimmune disease and features responses from both the innate and humoral immune systems.
89
T cells
Differentiated into cytotoxic, helper, and suppressor cells.
90
T cell receptor
Unique receptor, which is able to bind to antigens, promoting a specific immune response.
91
TH1 cells
Activate macrophages, secrete chemokines, and cytokines to attract macrophages, promote fusion of lysosomes with vesicles containing bacteria, and stimulate phagocytosis.
92
TH2 cells
Second subset of CD4 cells; activate B cells to produce antibodies.
93
Type 1 reactions
Immune responses that are exaggerated or inappropriate against an antigen or allergen.
94
Type 2 antibody mediated reactions
Result from mistaken identity; immune response is mounted that results in cell damage; tissue specific, usually involving destruction of a target cell by antibody binding to antigen on the cell surface.
95
Type 3 immune complex mediated reactions
Cellular and tissue damage resulting indirectly of complement activation stimulated by antigen antibody complexes.
96
Type 4 mediated hypersensitivity reactions
Immune responses caused by T cells mediated reactions rather than antigen antibody reactions.
97
Urticaria
Itching
98
Vaccines
Stimulates immunity through exposure to an antigen.
