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Pathophysiology Term #1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

abscess

A

pocket of purulent (containing pus) exudate

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2
Q

acute gastritis

A

inflammation in the gastric mucosa most often caused by the ingestion or irritants such as aspirin, alcohol, or certain microorganisms, typically occurs over a short period and is considered reversible when the causative agent is removed

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3
Q

acute phase reactants

A
  • inflammation markers, plasma proteins increased
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4
Q

acute pancreatitis

A

may occur when there is an injury to the acinar cells, pancreatic duct, or protective digestive feedback mechanisms in the exocrine pancreas

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5
Q

acute sinusitis

A

inflammation of the lining of the paranasal sinuses lasting 4 to 8 weeks

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6
Q

adhesions

A

fibrous connections between serous cavities and nearby tissues, which do not allow surrounding tissues to move freely, abdominal surgery presents an increased risk, restrict free movement of the organ and cause pain and loss of organ function

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7
Q

angiogenesis

A

generation of new blood vessels at the site

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8
Q

ankylosis

A

debilitating fixation of a joint from extensive fibrosis

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9
Q

arachidonic acid

A

substance derived from the plasma membrane of an injured cell, which generates various inflammatory mediators through a complex chemical conversion (prostaglandins, lipoxins, leukotrienes, thromboxane

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10
Q

arthritis

A

degeneration or inflammation of the joints and refers to a group of diseases of varying pathogenesis

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11
Q

autoimmunity

A

occurs when the immune system identifies self-cells as “foreign” and attacks these cells

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12
Q

basement membrane

A

noncellular sheet that separates the vessel from the tissues of the body

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13
Q

basophil

A

type of WBC, also contains granules, complements the actions of mast cells; important in establishing allergic reactions

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14
Q

cardinal signs

A
  • local manifestations of acute inflammation
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15
Q

cellular adherence

A

attraction and binding, essential step for effective phagocytosis, regulated inflammatory mediators, specifically, chemotactic factors released by endothelial cells, receptors that bind leukocytes to the surface of endothelial cells near the site of injury

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16
Q

cellular response

A

alert the products of healing to attend to the site of injury

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17
Q

chemotactic factors

A

activated and attract specific types of cells (neutrophil chemotactic factor attracts neutrophils, eosinophil chemotactic factor attracts eosinophils)

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18
Q

chemotaxis

A

process of moving certain cells to the injury site

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19
Q

chronic gastritis

A

related to an unrelenting injury, such as with chronic infection or autoimmunity

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20
Q

chronic pancreatitis

A

ongoing inflammatory process of the pancreas, characterized by irreversible cellular and tissue changes, impact on both the endocrine and exocrine functions

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21
Q

chronic sinusitis

A

persistent low-grade inflammation of the paranasal sinuses lasting over 12 weeks with or without flares of acute sinusitis, can occur with or without nasal polyps, as a result of allergies, or with fungal infection

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22
Q

collagen

A

protein secreted by collagen fibers, helps to fill in gaps left after the removal of damaged tissues, excess production leads to tissue fibrosis and can result in scarring

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23
Q

contractures

A

areas of thick, shortened, and rigid tissue, leading to loss of elasticity and tissue rigidity

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24
Q

Crohn Disease

A

chronic inflammatory process in the small intestine, recurrent and characterized by a granulomatous inflammatory process

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25
Q

cytokines

A

cell proteins most often found within WBCs that have a vital role in regulating inflammation; active from the onset of vasodilation and increased vascular permeability to the resolution of the inflammatory response, each is released from a specific cell and serves a specific purpose

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26
Q

debridement

A
  • process of mechanically removing debris, including necrotic tissue, from the wound
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27
Q

deep partial thickness burn

A

aka second-degree burns, damage the epidermis and penetrate the dermis, epidermis and dermis separate and fluid accumulates between these layers and blisters form

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28
Q

degranulation

A

process by which mast cells break apart and release inflammatory mediators in the form of extracellular granules

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29
Q

dehiscence

A

problem of deficient scar formation, wound splits or bursts open, often at a suture line

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30
Q

diapedesis

A

cells can move between and through endothelial junctions

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31
Q

differentiation

A

cells mature and become more specialized

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32
Q

dilate

A

to widen

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33
Q

dyspepsia

A

vague epigastric discomfort associated with nausea and heartburn

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34
Q

edema

A

swelling

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35
Q

elastin

A

contained within elastic fibers, allows stretching and recoil of tissue, resistance to damage but is slow and difficult to replace

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36
Q

endothelial cells

A

form a tight junction within the inner lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, connected to the basement membrane

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37
Q

epithelial cells

A

layer of cells that line the surface of organs, usually tightly packed

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38
Q

epithelioid cells

A

gather and contain smaller substances forming a wall, or fibrotic granuloma, around affected area

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39
Q

erythema

A

redness

40
Q

eschar

A

thick, coagulated crust, must be surgically removed to prevent extensive microorganism growth

41
Q

extracellular matrix

A

layers of architectural structures that support the cells

42
Q

exudate

A

layer of watery fluid, accumulates at the site of injury and has a high protein and leukocyte concentration

43
Q

fibroblasts

A

cells that produce and replace the connective tissue layer, stimulated by macrophages, move into area to support the constructive phase of wound healing, actively make and secrete collagen

44
Q

fistula

A

abnormal passageway that forms between two segments of bowel or other epithelial tissue

45
Q

friability

A

state where tissue readily bleeds

46
Q

full thickness burns

A

aka third-degree burns, damage the epidermis and dermis and can penetrate subcutaneous layers, destruction of blood vessels, extensive loss of elastin, replacement of skin cells with collagen, and invasion by microorganisms

47
Q

gastritis

A

refers to inflammation of the lining of the stomach, or gastric mucosa, thereby impairing gastric function, can be acute and chronic

48
Q

giant cells

A

phagocytes that can engulf particles much larger than the typical macrophage

49
Q

glycoproteins

A

regulate cell movement across the matrix, provide a place for attachment of the cells to the matrix, and prompt the cells to function

50
Q

granulation tissue

A

connective tissue characterized by extensive macrophages and fibroblasts, and the promotion of angiogenesis, extensive network of capillaries

51
Q

granulomas

A

nodular inflammatory lesions that encase harmful substances, regulated by macrophages, typically form when the injury is too difficult to control by the usual inflammatory and immune mechanisms, such as with foreign bodies or certain microorganisms

52
Q

hematemesis

A

vomiting blood

53
Q

hemostasis

A

stopping of blood flow to form a clot

54
Q

hyposmia

A

reduced ability to smell and detect odors

55
Q

immune response

A

specific defense depending on the type of invader

56
Q

infection

A

invasion by microorganisms

57
Q

inflammatory bowel disease

A

chronic inflammatory processes most commonly in the small intestine and large intestine, but can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus

58
Q

inflammatory mediators

A

facilitate the process of widening and loosening the blood vessels at the site of injury, located in the blood plasma and in many cells, including platelets, mast cells, PMNs, basophils, neutrophils, endothelial cells, monocytes, and macrophages

59
Q

injury

A

any form of damage or alteration to cells of tissues

60
Q

keloids

A

hypertrophic scars resulting from excessive collagen production at the injury site, occur with higher frequency in those with deeply pigmented skin, and those ages 10-30

61
Q

labile cells

A

cells that constantly regenerate through mitosis, particularly epithelial cells of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, and blood cells in the bone marrow

62
Q

leukocytosis

A

elevation in WBCs, or leukocytes, with a count usually above 10,000/mm3

63
Q

lymphadenitis

A

enlargement and inflammation of the nearby lymph nodes, can occur as a function of filtering or draining harmful substances at the injury site

64
Q

mast cell

A

inflammatory mediator, leukocytes housed throughout the connective tissues of the body and near all blood vessels, responsible for the production and immediate release of inflammatory mediators (histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins)

65
Q

monokines

A

cytokine released from monocytes or macrophages

66
Q

occult

A

hidden blood in the stool that is not visible with the naked eye

67
Q

ostia

A

tiny channels that provide outflow of drainage and prevent the backflow and contamination of the sinuses

68
Q

pancreatitis

A

refers to inflammation of the pancreas, resulting in destruction of the pancreas by pancreatic enzymes, can be both acute and chronic

69
Q

pannus

A

granulation tissue that forms over the inflamed synovium and cartilage as a result of accelerated angiogenesis, filled with synovial cells, separates the cartilage from synovium, thereby depriving the cartilage of nutrients

70
Q

parenchyma

A

functional tissue made up of cells with a specific function (such as neurons, myocardial cells, and epithelial cells)

71
Q

perfusion

A

passage of oxygenated blood

72
Q

permanent cells

A

do not undergo mitosis and are unable to regenerate such as neurons, cardiac myocytes, and lens of the eye, when damaged, the functional tissue is replaced with connective tissue

73
Q

permeable

A

loosens to allows cells to easily move through, penetrated

74
Q

pernicious anemia

A

impaired DNA synthesis in RBCs leads to marked decrease in RBCs and low hemoglobin levels

75
Q

platelet-activating factor

A

potent inflammatory mediator that has a key role in promoting vessel vasodilation, clotting, and attracting infection-fighting WBCs to the injury site

76
Q

primary intention

A

wound is basically closed with all areas of the wound connecting and healing simultaneously, risk for infection is reduced, and scarring is minimal, wound with approximated edges

77
Q

proliferation

A

growth and reproduction

78
Q

proteinases

A

enzymes that destroy elastin and other tissue components, help to break down dead tissue, ongoing tissue destruction at and surrounding the site of persistent injury

79
Q

provisional matrix

A

temporary matrix that promotes healing by decreasing blood and fluid loss at the site and attracting and supporting fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and epidermal (skin) cells

80
Q

pyrexia

A

fever (elevated core body temperature)

81
Q

re-epithelialization

A

movement of epithelial cells to form a covering over the wound

82
Q

regeneration

A

process of reformation of parenchymal tissues, which can only occur in those cells that undergo mitotic division

83
Q

replacement

A

production of scar tissue in extensive wounds and when regeneration is not possible

84
Q

resolution

A

healing in response to mild injury with minimal disruption to cells, such as with a small superficial scratch or mild sunburn

85
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation and hyperplasia of the synovial membranes with increased synovial exudate, leading to swelling and thickening of the synovial membranes, joint erosion, and pain

86
Q

secondary intention

A

wounds that heal from the bottom up, process is much slower and more involved, results in a greater risk for infection and scarring, wound with separated edges

87
Q

sepsis

A

bacterial infection of the blood, and subsequent septic shock

88
Q

serotonin

A

inflammatory mediator found in platelets, causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, allowing healing cells to arrive quickly to the injury site

89
Q

serous exudate

A

clear fluid that seep out of the tissues

90
Q

shock

A

state of inadequate perfusion to peripheral tissues

91
Q

sinusitis

A

aka rhinosinusitis, refers to symptomatic inflammation of the paranasal sinuses and naval cavity, can be either acute or chronic

92
Q

stable cells

A

cells that multiply only when needed, stop regenerating when growth is complete but can resume regeneration of injured

93
Q

superficial partial thickness burns

A

aka first-degree burns, damage the epidermis, do not result in cell necrosis or scarring

94
Q

thrombus

A

protective clot and subsequent scab, forms a physical barrier to prevent additional harmful substances from entering the wound

95
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammatory condition of the colon, found exclusively in the large intestine and does not affect other areas of the gastrointestinal tract, most often affects the mucosal layer but can extend into the submucosa

96
Q

ulcers

A

circumcised, open, craterlike lesion of the skin or mucous membrane, necrotic and open to further invasion of microorganisms, often resistant to healing because of lack of perfusion to the sit or persistent habitation by microorganisms

97
Q

vascular response

A

increase blood flow to the site of an injury

Pathophysiology Term #1 (9 decks)

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