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Pathophysiology Term #1 > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Absorption

A

a complex process of taking in nutrients and moving these to the circulation to be used by cells

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2
Q

acitve transport

A

a process that uses energy to move nutrients across a pressure gradients

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3
Q

adipocytes

A

most dietary fat is stored in the body within adipose cells, contain storage fats, which accumulate around tissues and within body cavities and are used when energy is needed

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4
Q

Anemia

A

the reduction in the number of circulating blood cells and subsequently reduced hemoglobin levels

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5
Q

Angular cheilitis

A

a problem with fissure development in the corners of the mouth

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6
Q

Anorexia

A

A lack of apetite

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7
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by the inability to maintain a minimally healthy body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, relentless dietary habits that prevent weight gain, and sever body image distortions

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8
Q

Bioavaliability

A

indicates that the mineral is unbound and must remain unbound (also called an ionic state) to be absorbed

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9
Q

body mass index

A

mathematical calculation used to calculate body fat

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10
Q

borborygmus

A

loud stomach/intestinal rumbling

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11
Q

carbohydrates

A

largest portion of nutrients absorped within the digestive tract, macronutrient, three categories: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

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12
Q

Celic disease

A

also called gluten - sensitive enteropathy is a disorder of gluten malabsorption in the small intestine

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13
Q

Chylomicrons

A

large triglyceride lipoproteins produced in enterocytes from dietary lipids, they carry esterified cholesterol and phospholipids

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14
Q

Digestion

A

the process by which food is broken down mechanically and chemically in the gastrointestinal tract and converted into absorbable components

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15
Q

Emulsification

A

a process of coating the lipid molecules with bile salts, which have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components

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16
Q

Energy

A

the capacity to do work

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17
Q

Enterocyte

A

intestinal cell

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18
Q

Essential fat

A

needed for physiologic functioning

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19
Q

essential nutrients

A

nutrients that must be consumed regularly in the diet

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20
Q

Fiber

A

a non digestible carbohydrate, important for reducing serum cholesterol levels and works primarily by binding to bile acids, a source of cholesterol, and by preventing cholesterol absorption

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21
Q

Food allergies

A

immune system-mediated adverse reactions to foods

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22
Q

Friable

A

easily crumbled

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23
Q

Gliadin

A

the alcohol-soluble fraction of gluten

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24
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

process of body attempting to manufacture glucose

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25
Q

gluten

A

group of proteins found wheat, rye, oats, and barley

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26
Q

Hypercellular obesity

A

adipocytes become enlarged, and fat accumulates in the abdominal region

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27
Q

Hypochromic

A

pale

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28
Q

Inheritable Metabolic disorders

A

most often related to errors in amino acid and lipid metabolism, commonly result from a genetically based defect in enzyme activity

29
Q

Insulin

A

a hormone that promotes glucose production and uptake by cells and inhibits the use of fat stores for energy

30
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

represents a problem of iron demand on red blood cell development that cannot be met with current iron stores

31
Q

Ketones

A

the replace energy source that allows sparing of muscle catabolism

32
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

protein deprivation in persons consuming adequate carbohydrates

33
Q

Lacteals

A

lymphatic channels within each villus, which are critical to fat absorption

34
Q

Languo

A

fine downy hair that covers the body

35
Q

Lipids

A

fats, a group of substances that are insoluble in water, also macronutrients, categorized as, simple lipids of fats, compound lipids, sterols

36
Q

Lipoprotein Lipase

A

acts on the adipocyte to promote lipid storage

37
Q

macrominerals

A

include sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfur

38
Q

Macronutrients

A

protein, lipids, and carbohydrates

39
Q

Malabsorption

A

indicates a lack of movement of specific nutrients across the gastrointestinal mucosa

40
Q

malabsorption syndrome

A

a condition in which several nutrients are not adequately absorbed

41
Q

Malnutrion

A

altered nutrition, a state of inadequate or excessive nutrients

42
Q

Marasmus

A

condition of starvation, protein energy malnutrition is related to either deprivation of all food

43
Q

Metabolism

A

allows chemical reactions that produce heat to maintain body temperature, conduct neural impulses, and contract muscles

44
Q

Micelles

A

substances interact with bile salts and other lipids forming complexes called micelles, the micelles move along the brush border of the small intestine

45
Q

Microcytic

A

small rbcs

46
Q

Microminerals

A

include iron, zinc, fluoride, copper, trace minerals, act on enzymes and hormones to elicit a specific response

47
Q

Micronutrients

A

vitamins and minerals

48
Q

Minerals

A

inorganic substances critical to regulating hundreds of cellular process

49
Q

Nutrient

A

a food or liquid that supplies the body with the chemicals needed for metabolism

50
Q

Nutrition

A

the process of ingesting and utilizing nutrients for energy

51
Q

Obesity

A

a state of excessive body fate and is a major public health crisis

52
Q

Overnutrition

A

state of excessive exposure to nutrients, generally related to overconsumption of nutrients, including excessive calories, or ingesting toxic levels of vitamins and minerals

53
Q

Pagophagia

A

a form of pica in which the person chews ice

54
Q

Passive diffusion

A

the random migration of nutrients across the mucosa from areas of higher to lower concentration or pressure, can be a simple or facilitated process

55
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutation in the PAH gene, which provides the instructions for making the enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase

56
Q

Phospholipids

A

a form of complex lipid, are an important structural component of plasma membranes

57
Q

Pica

A

the craving to chew or eat substances of non-nutritive value such as chalk, soil, clay or paper

58
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

describes the irregular shape of iron-deficient red blood cells

59
Q

protein

A

composed of linear chains of amino acids that are linked as directed by DNA coding

60
Q

salivary amylase

A

from salivary glands, an enzyme that initiates carbohydrate digestion

61
Q

satiety

A

a feeling of fullness

62
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

fatty acids that have no double bonds and elevate blood cholesterol levels

63
Q

steatorrhea

A

foul smelling, greasy diarrhea stools

64
Q

storage fat

A

accumulates under the skin and around internal organs

65
Q

structural fat

A

accumulates under the skin and around the organs

66
Q

triglycerides

A

a fatty acid and glycerol complex, are a form of simple lipids readily found in dietary fat

67
Q

Undernutrition

A

a lack of nutrient intake most often related to inadequate calorie consumption, inadequate intake of essential vitamins and minerals, or problems with digestion, absorption, or distribution of nutrients in body

68
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

have one or more double bonds and are not known to elevate blood cholesterol

69
Q

Vitamins

A

organic substances that the body in unable to manufacture, and, therefore must be consumed

Pathophysiology Term #1 (9 decks)

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