Chapter 17 Flashcards
Absorption
a complex process of taking in nutrients and moving these to the circulation to be used by cells
acitve transport
a process that uses energy to move nutrients across a pressure gradients
adipocytes
most dietary fat is stored in the body within adipose cells, contain storage fats, which accumulate around tissues and within body cavities and are used when energy is needed
Anemia
the reduction in the number of circulating blood cells and subsequently reduced hemoglobin levels
Angular cheilitis
a problem with fissure development in the corners of the mouth
Anorexia
A lack of apetite
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by the inability to maintain a minimally healthy body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, relentless dietary habits that prevent weight gain, and sever body image distortions
Bioavaliability
indicates that the mineral is unbound and must remain unbound (also called an ionic state) to be absorbed
body mass index
mathematical calculation used to calculate body fat
borborygmus
loud stomach/intestinal rumbling
carbohydrates
largest portion of nutrients absorped within the digestive tract, macronutrient, three categories: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Celic disease
also called gluten - sensitive enteropathy is a disorder of gluten malabsorption in the small intestine
Chylomicrons
large triglyceride lipoproteins produced in enterocytes from dietary lipids, they carry esterified cholesterol and phospholipids
Digestion
the process by which food is broken down mechanically and chemically in the gastrointestinal tract and converted into absorbable components
Emulsification
a process of coating the lipid molecules with bile salts, which have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components
Energy
the capacity to do work
Enterocyte
intestinal cell
Essential fat
needed for physiologic functioning
essential nutrients
nutrients that must be consumed regularly in the diet
Fiber
a non digestible carbohydrate, important for reducing serum cholesterol levels and works primarily by binding to bile acids, a source of cholesterol, and by preventing cholesterol absorption
Food allergies
immune system-mediated adverse reactions to foods
Friable
easily crumbled
Gliadin
the alcohol-soluble fraction of gluten
Gluconeogenesis
process of body attempting to manufacture glucose
gluten
group of proteins found wheat, rye, oats, and barley
Hypercellular obesity
adipocytes become enlarged, and fat accumulates in the abdominal region
Hypochromic
pale
Inheritable Metabolic disorders
most often related to errors in amino acid and lipid metabolism, commonly result from a genetically based defect in enzyme activity
Insulin
a hormone that promotes glucose production and uptake by cells and inhibits the use of fat stores for energy
Iron deficiency anemia
represents a problem of iron demand on red blood cell development that cannot be met with current iron stores
Ketones
the replace energy source that allows sparing of muscle catabolism
Kwashiorkor
protein deprivation in persons consuming adequate carbohydrates
Lacteals
lymphatic channels within each villus, which are critical to fat absorption
Languo
fine downy hair that covers the body
Lipids
fats, a group of substances that are insoluble in water, also macronutrients, categorized as, simple lipids of fats, compound lipids, sterols
Lipoprotein Lipase
acts on the adipocyte to promote lipid storage
macrominerals
include sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfur
Macronutrients
protein, lipids, and carbohydrates
Malabsorption
indicates a lack of movement of specific nutrients across the gastrointestinal mucosa
malabsorption syndrome
a condition in which several nutrients are not adequately absorbed
Malnutrion
altered nutrition, a state of inadequate or excessive nutrients
Marasmus
condition of starvation, protein energy malnutrition is related to either deprivation of all food
Metabolism
allows chemical reactions that produce heat to maintain body temperature, conduct neural impulses, and contract muscles
Micelles
substances interact with bile salts and other lipids forming complexes called micelles, the micelles move along the brush border of the small intestine
Microcytic
small rbcs
Microminerals
include iron, zinc, fluoride, copper, trace minerals, act on enzymes and hormones to elicit a specific response
Micronutrients
vitamins and minerals
Minerals
inorganic substances critical to regulating hundreds of cellular process
Nutrient
a food or liquid that supplies the body with the chemicals needed for metabolism
Nutrition
the process of ingesting and utilizing nutrients for energy
Obesity
a state of excessive body fate and is a major public health crisis
Overnutrition
state of excessive exposure to nutrients, generally related to overconsumption of nutrients, including excessive calories, or ingesting toxic levels of vitamins and minerals
Pagophagia
a form of pica in which the person chews ice
Passive diffusion
the random migration of nutrients across the mucosa from areas of higher to lower concentration or pressure, can be a simple or facilitated process
Phenylketonuria
an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutation in the PAH gene, which provides the instructions for making the enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase
Phospholipids
a form of complex lipid, are an important structural component of plasma membranes
Pica
the craving to chew or eat substances of non-nutritive value such as chalk, soil, clay or paper
Poikilocytosis
describes the irregular shape of iron-deficient red blood cells
protein
composed of linear chains of amino acids that are linked as directed by DNA coding
salivary amylase
from salivary glands, an enzyme that initiates carbohydrate digestion
satiety
a feeling of fullness
saturated fatty acids
fatty acids that have no double bonds and elevate blood cholesterol levels
steatorrhea
foul smelling, greasy diarrhea stools
storage fat
accumulates under the skin and around internal organs
structural fat
accumulates under the skin and around the organs
triglycerides
a fatty acid and glycerol complex, are a form of simple lipids readily found in dietary fat
Undernutrition
a lack of nutrient intake most often related to inadequate calorie consumption, inadequate intake of essential vitamins and minerals, or problems with digestion, absorption, or distribution of nutrients in body
Unsaturated fatty acid
have one or more double bonds and are not known to elevate blood cholesterol
Vitamins
organic substances that the body in unable to manufacture, and, therefore must be consumed
