Chapter 9 Flashcards
what are teratogens?
cause deficient development to fetus
Greek word “monster makers”
can be caused by drugs, alcohol, bacteria, viruses, and chemicals
who was G.S. Hall?
1846-1912
first president of APA
extensively studied development and adolescence
president of Clark University
considered first developmental psychologist
what is attachment?
children develop attachment
exhibit stranger anxiety as a defense mechanism
who is Harry Harlow?
showed that monkeys would prefer physical contact with a surrogate mother when it was wrapped with warm cloth, instead of one that would provide sustenance
who is Mary Ainsworth?
1913-1999
studied attachment
strange situation experiment
what is secure attachment?
when the mother was present, child plays comfortably
mother leaves, child distressed
mother returns, child seeks comfort
what is insecure attachment?
infants avoid or show anxiety in a “trusting relationship”
less likely to explore surroundings
mother leaves, child is distraught even when the mother comes back
what is temperament?
person’s characteristic emotional reactivity
what are the types of temperament?
easy - child is cheerful, relaxed, feeding/sleeping predictably
slow to warm - moderately difficult, avoidant, and irritable
difficult - irritable, intense, and unpredictable
who is Jean Piaget?
1896-1980
aggressively studied child development
created a theory that expressed different phases of development of all ages
believed children constructed their understanding of the world while interacting with it
what are schemas?
concepts or mental molds into which we pour our experiences
what is assimilation?
interpret our current situations through the lens of a schema
what is accomodation?
children use schemas to incorporate information in novel settings
what is the sensorimotor stage?
birth - age 2
learn through senses
object permanence ~ 8 months
what is the preoperational stage?
8 months -6/7 years
children are unable to represent concepts with words and images
unable to perform mental operations
egocentrism
what is the concrete operational stage?
~ age 7
begin to grasp conservation
can reverse questions instantly
can classify objects into categories
begin developing a personalized sense of humor
what is the formal operational stage?
~ age 12
reasoning expands from the purely concrete
children begin to think abstractly
consequences, reasons, decisions
what is theory of mind?
preschoolers (3/4 yo)
first described to explain chimps’ ability to understand emotions of others
realize others hold false beliefs
what is the Vygotsky Alternative?
suggested that children learn more from the socialization with parents and peers than they do from the physical environment
what is the Erikson Perspective?
each stage of life has its own psychosocial task
a search for identity
children are motivated by the immediate social environment and not the accumulation of knowledge
what is the authoritarian parenting style?
parents are coercive
impose rules and expect obedience
what is the permissive parenting style?
parents are unrestraining
make few demands and use little punishment
what is the authoritative parenting style?
parents are confrontive
both demanding and responsive
set rules but encourage discussions
what is adolescence?
the years spent morphing from child to adult
starts with sexual maturity, ends with social achievement of independence and adulthood
what is puberty?
the beginning of adolescence
stimulates production of hormones
timing differs for everyone
