Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what are teratogens?

A

cause deficient development to fetus
Greek word “monster makers”
can be caused by drugs, alcohol, bacteria, viruses, and chemicals

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2
Q

who was G.S. Hall?

A

1846-1912
first president of APA
extensively studied development and adolescence
president of Clark University
considered first developmental psychologist

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3
Q

what is attachment?

A

children develop attachment
exhibit stranger anxiety as a defense mechanism

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4
Q

who is Harry Harlow?

A

showed that monkeys would prefer physical contact with a surrogate mother when it was wrapped with warm cloth, instead of one that would provide sustenance

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5
Q

who is Mary Ainsworth?

A

1913-1999
studied attachment
strange situation experiment

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6
Q

what is secure attachment?

A

when the mother was present, child plays comfortably
mother leaves, child distressed
mother returns, child seeks comfort

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7
Q

what is insecure attachment?

A

infants avoid or show anxiety in a “trusting relationship”
less likely to explore surroundings
mother leaves, child is distraught even when the mother comes back

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8
Q

what is temperament?

A

person’s characteristic emotional reactivity

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9
Q

what are the types of temperament?

A

easy - child is cheerful, relaxed, feeding/sleeping predictably
slow to warm - moderately difficult, avoidant, and irritable
difficult - irritable, intense, and unpredictable

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10
Q

who is Jean Piaget?

A

1896-1980
aggressively studied child development
created a theory that expressed different phases of development of all ages
believed children constructed their understanding of the world while interacting with it

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11
Q

what are schemas?

A

concepts or mental molds into which we pour our experiences

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12
Q

what is assimilation?

A

interpret our current situations through the lens of a schema

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13
Q

what is accomodation?

A

children use schemas to incorporate information in novel settings

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14
Q

what is the sensorimotor stage?

A

birth - age 2
learn through senses
object permanence ~ 8 months

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15
Q

what is the preoperational stage?

A

8 months -6/7 years
children are unable to represent concepts with words and images
unable to perform mental operations
egocentrism

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16
Q

what is the concrete operational stage?

A

~ age 7
begin to grasp conservation
can reverse questions instantly
can classify objects into categories
begin developing a personalized sense of humor

17
Q

what is the formal operational stage?

A

~ age 12
reasoning expands from the purely concrete
children begin to think abstractly
consequences, reasons, decisions

18
Q

what is theory of mind?

A

preschoolers (3/4 yo)
first described to explain chimps’ ability to understand emotions of others
realize others hold false beliefs

19
Q

what is the Vygotsky Alternative?

A

suggested that children learn more from the socialization with parents and peers than they do from the physical environment

20
Q

what is the Erikson Perspective?

A

each stage of life has its own psychosocial task
a search for identity
children are motivated by the immediate social environment and not the accumulation of knowledge

21
Q

what is the authoritarian parenting style?

A

parents are coercive
impose rules and expect obedience

22
Q

what is the permissive parenting style?

A

parents are unrestraining
make few demands and use little punishment

23
Q

what is the authoritative parenting style?

A

parents are confrontive
both demanding and responsive
set rules but encourage discussions

24
Q

what is adolescence?

A

the years spent morphing from child to adult
starts with sexual maturity, ends with social achievement of independence and adulthood

25
what is puberty?
the beginning of adolescence stimulates production of hormones timing differs for everyone