Chapter 6 Flashcards
what is learning?
a relatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience
what is non associative learning?
responding after repeated exposure to a single stimulus or event
John Watson, behaviorism
what is associative learning?
linking two stimuli, or events that occur together
classical and operant conditioning
what is observational learning?
acquiring or changing a behavior after exposure to another individual performing that behavior
what are two examples of non associative learning?
habituation & dishabituation
what is habituation?
a decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus
what is dishabituation?
an increase in a response due to a change in something familiar
what are two examples of associative learning?
classical conditioning & operant conditioning
what is classical conditioning?
when we learn that a stimulus predicts another stimulus (Ivan Pavlov)
what is operant conditioning?
when we learn that a behavior leads to a certain outcome
conditioning trials
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned response are paired to produce a reflex
neutral stimulus
does not produce response
unconditioned response
produces response with no prior learning
unconditioned stimulus
response that is not learned
conditioned stimulus
a stimulus that causes a learned response
acquisition
the NS is being paired with the US
extinction
the US is no longer being presented
spontaneous recovery
when US returns, behavior returns
stimulus generalization
learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar to the CS produce the CR
stimulus discrimination
a differentiation between 2 similar stimuli when only 1 of them is consistently associated with the US
who are two people who used operant conditioning?
Edward Thorndike and B.F. Skinner
reinforcer
stimulus increases likelihood the behavior will continue
punisher
stimulus decreases likelihood the behavior will continue
positive
adding stimulus to environment
negative
removing stimulus from environment
what is continuous reinforcement?
type of learning in which behavior is reinforced each time it occurs
what is partial reinforcement?
type of learning in which behavior is reinforced intermittently
ratio schedule
reinforcement is based on the number of times the behavior occurs
interval schedule
reinforcement is provided after a specific unit of time
fixed schedules
reinforcement is provided after a certain amount of time or responses has passed
fixed ratio
reinforcement is given after X number of responses
fixed interval
reinforcement is given after Y time
variable schedule
occurs when reinforcement is provided after varying and irregular amounts of time or responses
variable ratio
reinforcement is given after random number of responses
variable interval
reinforcement is given after a random amount of time
observational learning
the acquisition or modification of a behavior after exposure to another individual performing that behavior (aka social learning)
who is Albert Bandura?
his studies suggest that exposing children to violence may encourage them to act aggressively
what is modeling?
the imitation of an observed behavior
only effective is observer is physically capable of doing said behavior
more common in humans than in animals
