Chapter 3 Flashcards
Study technology for the brain
EEG
PET
MRI/fMRI
TMS
neuroscience
the study of the structure and function of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue, and how they relate to behavior and learning
Central Nervous System (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
nerve cells in rest of body
1. somatic - voluntary
2. autonomic - automatic (breathing, blinking, etc)
what is a neuron?
nerve cell
100-200 billion neurons
average neuron has between 1,000 - 10,000 connections
somatic nervous system (SNS)
(PNS)
sensory and motor signals between nervous system and body
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
(PNS)
transmits signals between the CNS and the body’s glands and internal organs
sympathetic (PNS)
dilates pupils, relaxes bronchi, accelerates heartrate, constricts vessels
fight or flight
parasympathetic (PNS)
contracts pupils, constricts bronchi, slows heartrate, dilates vessels
relax
the endocrine system
communicates through hormones to influence thoughts, behaviors, and actions
pituitary gland
base of hypothalamus, releases hormones
-growth hormones
-estrogens
-androgens
how do neurons communicate?
powered by electrical impulses, and communicate through chemical signals
-reception
-integration
-transmission
what are the different types of neurons?
sensory neurons - receive sensory input
motor neurons - direct muscle movement
interneurons - communicate within neurons
dendrites
receive information
nucleus
holds information for replication
soma
(cell body)
processed information
axon
sends info
myelin sheath
protein bubble (coating)
axon terminals
communicates information
synapse
gap between neurons
nodes of Ranvier
space between myelin sheaths
action potential
electrical signal that passes down the axon when the neuron fires
acetocholine
(ACh)
muscle control
monoamines
regulate arousal, feelings, and motivation
what are some examples of monoamines?
epinephrine - adrenaline
norepinephrine - vigilance, alertness
serotonin - emotion, impulse, dreaming, aggression
dopamine - motivation–reward
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid
main inhibitory neurotransmitter
glutamate
main excitatory neurotransmitter
endorphins
pain relief/reward
occipital lobes
in back of head
vision
visual cortex
parietal lobes
touch/sensory
divided between cerebral hemispheres
connected by corpus callosum
temporal lobes
auditory cortex
hearing
frontal lobes
motor cortex
controls rational thought
responsible for sense of self and socialization
cerebellum
Latin for little brain
motor function (learning, memory)
muscle movement
visual-auditory attention
eye-motor movement coordination
corpus callosum
2 hemispheres of the brain
right side controls left side of body
left side controls right side of body
how does the brain heal itself after an injury?
neuroplasticity
remapping - localization of functions shifts to new locations
what is the difference between (biological) males and females
males - larger size, lateralized for language
females - better language processing between both hemispheres
