Chapter 8 Flashcards
what is thinking and intelligence?
the mental manipulation of representations of knowledge about the world
what does thinking allow us to do?
consider information
use info to build models of the world
set goals
plan our actions
what are analogical representations?
concrete reps
some of physical characteristics of objects
what are symbolic representations?
abstract mental reps
don’t correspond to the physical features of objects or ideas
what is a script?
a schema that directs a sequence of behaviors
enable us to make quick judgement with little effort
what are stereotypes?
cognitive schemas that allow for easy, fast processing of information about people based on their membership in certain groups (associations)
what are heuristics?
shortcuts, rules of thumb, informal guidelines
often occur unconsciously
allows us to make decisions quickly
can result in biases
what is anchoring?
tendency to rely on first available piece of information
what is the availability heuristic?
making decisions based on the answer that most easily comes to mind
what is reconstructing?
a new way of thinking about a problem that aids its solution
what are mental sets?
problem solving strategies that have worked in the past
what is functional fixedness?
in problem solving, having fixed ideas about the typical functions of objects
what does intelligence allow us to do?
use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, learn quickly, and understand complex ideas
what is general intelligence?
made up of math, problem solving, writing, etc
who came up with the idea of general intelligence?
Charles Spearman
“g” factor
one single factor underlies intelligence
what is fluid intelligence?
process new information using logic (critical thinking)
what is crystalized intelligence?
knowledge acquired through experience (LTM)
who is Howard Gardner?
multiple intelligences
book smart vs street smart
athletically, musically, or artistically talented
who is Robert Sternburg?
analytic, creative, practical
what is emotional intelligence?
ability to manage, recognize, and understand emotions to guide thought and action
yourself and others
who came up with the first IQ Standardized Test and how do you calculate it?
Alfred Binet
MA/CA x 100
what are some problems with IQ testing?
not the only thing important in life
correlated with SES
stereotype threat
what is the stereotype threat?
knowing about a negative stereotype about your group may make you anxious and lead you to underperform
can be reduced by educating about it
