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SAT II Biology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Taxonomy

A

the system we use to name and classify all organisms (living and extinct)

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2
Q

Taxonomy is based on the system developed by

A

Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linne) developed in 18th century

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3
Q

System of binomial nomenclature

A

because every organism has a two part name i.e homo sapiens, panthera leo (lion)

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4
Q

Linnaeus classified every organism in a

A

hierarchy, taxa, or levels of organization

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5
Q

The taxa are:

*king phillip

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

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6
Q

Kingdom

A
  • the most general

- consists of the most varied organisms

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7
Q

Species

A
  • the most specific

- consists of organisms that are the most similar

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8
Q

1950s /60s

A

all organisms were placed into only 3 kingdoms

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9
Q

60s - 1990

A

scientists expanded the system to 5 kingdoms : Monera (no longer used), Protists, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

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10
Q

1990

A

some scientists added a 6th kingdom, Archaebacteria which included extremophiles (microorganisms that live in extreme environments) and that seemed so different from bacteria that they had to placed into a separate kingdom

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11
Q

Today most scientists use the

A

3 domain system

based on DNA analysis

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12
Q

The 3 domain system more accurately

A

reflects evolutionary history and the relationships among organisms

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13
Q

All life is organized into 3 domains

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

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14
Q

superkingdoms

A

eukaryota, prokaryota
separate by cell structure
-3 domain system is now favored

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15
Q

Why is monera not used anymore?

A

because prokaryotes are spread across two different domains , Archaea and Bacteria

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16
Q

Why did scientists switch from the superkingdoms to the 3 domain kingdom?

A

because Archaea have so little in common with bacteria that they must have their own group

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17
Q

Why did archaebacteria have to be changed to archaea?

A

because the Archaea are not bacteria

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18
Q

Bacteria:

What are bacteria?

A

All are single-celled prokaryotes w/ no internal membranes (no nucleus, mitochondria, or chloroplasts)

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19
Q

Some bacteria are _____,some are ______.

A

anaerobes, aerobes

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20
Q

Bacteria are decomposers that

A

recycle dead organic matter

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21
Q

Bacteria play a vital role in

A

genetic engineering (bacteria from the human intestine, escherichia coli, are used to manufacture human insulin)

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22
Q

Some bacteria are _____(blue-green algae); others are _________.

A

autotrophic

heterotrophic

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23
Q

Do bacteria have introns?

A

bacteria don’t have introns (noncoding regions within DNA)

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24
Q

Bacteria have a thick,

A

rigid cell wall

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25
Q

Member species correspond roughly to the old grouping _______ and include:

A

Eubacteria

  • blue-green algae
  • bacteria like E.coli that live in the human intestine
  • those that cause disease like Clostridium botulinum and Streptococcus
  • those necessary in the nitrogen cycle, like nitrogen-fixing bacteria
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26
Q

Archaea:

A

unicellular and prokaryotic

-no internal membranes such as a nucleus

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27
Q

Archaea include

A

extremophiles, microorganisms that live in extreme environments

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28
Q

Extremophiles in archaea include

A
  • methanogens
  • halophiles
  • thermophiles
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29
Q

Methanogens

A

obtain energy by producing methane from hydrogen

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30
Q

Halophiles

A

thrive in environments with high salt concentrations like Utah’s Great Salt Lake

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31
Q

Thermophiles

A

thrive in high temps, like hot springs in Yellowstone, or deep-sea hydrothermal vents

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32
Q

Are introns present in archaea?

A

introns are present in some genes

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33
Q

All animals belong in the domain

A

Eukarya

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34
Q

In eukarya

A

All organisms have a nucleus and internal organelles

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35
Q

Eukarya includes the

A

4 remaining kingdoms

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36
Q

4 kingdoms in Eukarya are

A

protista
fungi
plantae
animals

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37
Q

Protista includes organisms that do not fit into the fungi or plant kingdoms such as

A

seaweeds and slime molds

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38
Q

Protista include

A

the widest variety of organisms but all are eukaryotes

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39
Q

Most protista are

A

single-celled, but many are primitive multi celled organisms

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40
Q

What do protista include?

A
  • Includes heterotrophs (such as amoeba and paramecium)

- autotrophs (euglenas which have a red eyespot to locate light and chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis)

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41
Q

How do protists move?

A

by various means
amoeba use psuedopods
paramecium use cilia
euglena use a flagellum

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42
Q

Some protists (i.e. paramecium, algae) sometimes carry out

A

conjugation, a primitive form of sexual reproduction where individuals exchange genetic material

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43
Q

Some protists also cause

A

serious diseases like amoebic dysentery and malaria

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44
Q

Fungi

A

All are heterotrophic eukaryotes

Can be unicellular or multicellular

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45
Q

What role do fungi play in ecology?

A

decomposers

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46
Q

Digestion in Fungi

A

Carry out extracellular digestion by secreting hydrolytic enzymes outside the body

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47
Q

[fungi] After digestion ,

A

the building blocks of the nutrients are absorbed into the body of the fungus by diffusion

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48
Q

Fungi are saprobes,

A

organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter. As such they recycle nutrients in an ecosystem.

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49
Q

What are cell walls in fungi composed of?

A

chitin, not cellulose

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50
Q

Certain fungi combine with algae in a

A

symbiotic relationship forming various lichens which are photosynthetic.

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51
Q

Lichens can survive

A

harsh, cold environments and even live on bare rock.

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52
Q

Lichens are often the pioneer organisms,

A

the 1st to colonize a barren environment in an ecological succession

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53
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

Reproduce asexually by budding (yeast), spore formation (bread mold), or fragmentation whereby single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals
-they also reproduce sexually

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54
Q

Examples of fungi:

A
  • yeast
  • mold
  • mushrooms
  • fungus that causes athlete’s foot
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55
Q

Plantae

A

All are multicellular, nonmotile, autotrophic eukaryotes

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56
Q

Plantae cell walls are made of

A

cellulose

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57
Q

Plants carry out photosynthesis using

A

chlorophyll a and b

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58
Q

Plants store their carbohydrates

A

as starch

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59
Q

How do plants reproduce?

A

Reproduce sexually by alternating between gametohpyte (n) and sporophyte (2n) generations (known as alternation of generations)

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60
Q

Some plants have vascular tissue (_______), and some have no vascular tissue (________)

A

tracheophytes

bryophytes

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61
Q

Examples of plantae

A
  • mosses
  • ferns
  • cone-bearing/flowering plants
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62
Q

Animalia

A
  • All are heterotrophic, multicellular eukaryotes

- Most are motile, can move on their own

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63
Q

How do most animals reproduce?

A

Most animals reproduce sexually with a dominant diploid (2n) stage

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64
Q

Animalia: In most species, a small flagellated sperm fertilized

A

a larger, nonmotile egg

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65
Q

What is traditional way of classifying animals?

A

primarily based on anatomical features (homologous structures) and embryonic development

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66
Q

Animalia are grouped in ____ phyla but we commonly discuss _____

A

35

9

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67
Q

What are the 9 commonly discussed phyla?

A

porifera, platyhelminthes, annelids, arthropods, cnidarians, chordates, nematodes, echinoderms, mollusks
PPAACCNEM

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68
Q

Evolutionary Trends in Animals

A

Organisms began as tiny, primitive, and single celled → lived in oceans → 1st multicellular eukaryotes evolved about 1.5 billion years ago

69
Q

Appearance of each phylum of animal represents

A

the evolution of a new and successful body plan

70
Q

Important evolutionary trends in animals include:

A
  • specialization of tissues
  • germ layers
  • body symmetry
  • development of a head end
  • body cavity formation
71
Q

Cell

A

basic unit of all forms of life, ex. Neuron

72
Q

Tissue

A

group of similar cells that perform one particular function, ex. Sciatic nerve

73
Q

Organ

A

group of tissues that work together to perform related function, ex. Brain

74
Q

Sponges (Porifera) consist of a

A

loose federation of cells, which are not considered tissue because the cells are relatively unspecialized

75
Q

Sponges possess cells that can

A

sense and react the environment but have no real nerve or muscular tissue

76
Q

Cnidarians like the hydra and jellyfish possess only the

A

most primitive and simplest forms of tissue

77
Q

As larger and more complex animals evolved ____________.

A

, specialized cells joined to form real tissues, organs, and organ systems.

78
Q

Flatworms have organs but no

A

organ system

79
Q

More complex animals like annelids (earthworms) and arthropods (grasshoppers)

A

have organ systems

80
Q

The main layers that form various tissues and organ of the body are formed

A

early in embryonic development and include the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

81
Q

Ectoderm (Outermost layer)

A

becomes the skin and the nervous system, including the nerve cord and brain

82
Q

Endoderm (innermost layer)

A

becomes the viscera (guts) or the digestive system

83
Q

Mesoderm (middle layer)

A

becomes the blood, muscles, and bones

Examples of animals with only 2 cell layers are porifera and cnidarians

84
Q

Porifera and cnidarians’ bodies consist of

A

the ecto/endoderm and mesoderm, which holds the two layers together (middle glue)

85
Q

More complex animal phyla are

A

triploblastic, having 3 true cell layers

86
Q

What type of symmetry do primitive animals exhibit? What about sophisticated ones?

A

Primitive animals exhibit radial symmetry , sophisticated ones exhibit bilateral

87
Q

How are echinoderms an exception in body symmetry?

A

Echinoderms are an exception because they are an advanced phylum and exhibit bilateral symmetry as larvae but revert to radial symmetry as adults

88
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

Body is organized along a longitudinal axis with right and left sides that mirror each other

89
Q

Most bilaterally symmetrical animals are

A

triploblastic, w/ ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

90
Q

What came along with bilateral symmetry?

A

the development of a head- the anterior, and a rear end- the posterior

91
Q

What’s clustered at the anterior end?

A

Sensory apparatus and a brain (or simply ganglia)

92
Q

What’s located at the posterior end?

A

Digestive, excretory, and reproductive structures

93
Q

These organs at the anterior and posterior ends enable animals to

A

move faster to flee or to capture prey

94
Q

Simple animals

A

sponges and cnidarians- don’t have a head

95
Q

Sophisticated animals beginning with flatworms and ending with chordates all show

A

cephalization

96
Q

Coelom

A

a fluid-filled body cavity that is completely surrounded by mesoderm tissue

97
Q

What does coelom represent?

A

a significant advance in the course of animal evolution because provides a space for elaborate organ systems

98
Q

Primitive animals like flatworms do not have a coelom and are known as

A

acoelomates→ their bodies are flat and all cells are in direct contact with their watery environment

99
Q

Nematodes or roundworms are called

A

pseudocoelomates → they have a fluid-filled tube between the endoderm and the mesoderm that acts as a hydrostatic skeleton to support the animal

100
Q

Coelomates are the animals with

A

coelom and are the most complex in the kingdom

101
Q

Coelomates include the following phyla:

A

Annelida, Mollusca, Anthropoda, and Chordata

102
Q

3 Main characteristics of Porifera-Sponges

A
  • No symmetry
  • No nerve or muscle tissue- sessile (don’t move)
  • Consist of 2 cell layers only → ectoderm and endoderm connected by noncellular mesoglea
103
Q

Porifera-Sponges have specialized cells but

A

no true tissues or organs, each cell carries out many function

104
Q

What did porifera-sponges evolve from?

A

colonial organisms?

105
Q

If you squeeze a sponge through fine cheesecloth,

A

it will separate into individual cells that will spontaneously re-aggregate into a sponge

106
Q

How do porifera-sponges reproduce?

A

Reproduce asexually by fragmentation

Also reproduce sexually, hermaphrodites

107
Q

Cnidarians include

A

hydra and jellyfish

108
Q

Body plan of Cnidarians

A

Body plan is the polyp (vase shaped) which is mostly sessile, or medusa (upside-down bowl shaped), which is mostly motile

109
Q

Life cycle of cnidarians

A

Life-cycle →
* some go through planula larva (free swimming) stage then go through 2 reproductive stages,
asexually reproducing (polyp) and sexually reproducing (medusa)

110
Q

Cnidarians consist of only

A

2 cell layers → ectoderm and endoderm connected by noncellular mesoglea

111
Q

Characteristics of cnidarians digestion include:

A
  • Have a gastrovascular cavity where extracellular digestion occurs
  • Carry out intracellular digestion inside body cells in lysosomes
112
Q

Cnidarians have no transport system because

A

every cell is in direct contact with the environment

113
Q

All cnidarians members have

A

stinging cells-cnidocytes- containing stingers, which are called nematocysts

114
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

Flatworms including Tapeworms

115
Q

Platyhelminthes are

A
  • simplest animals with bilateral symmetry

- an anterior end and three distinct cell layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

116
Q

Digestion in Platyhelminthes

A
  • The digestive cavity has only one opening for both ingestion and egestion so food cannot be processed continuously
  • They have a solid body and have no room for true digestive or respiratory systems to circulate food or oxygen. Flatworms have solved this problem in a unique way
117
Q

In Platyhelminthes, the body is so flat and thin that many

A

body cells can exchange nutrients and wastes by diffusion with the environment

118
Q

Nematods

A

roundworms

119
Q

Nematods are

A

unsegmented worms with bilateral symmetry but little sensory apparatus

120
Q

Many nematods are

A

parasitic, trichinella causes trichinosis, which is contracted by eating uncooked pork

121
Q

What species of nematods are widely used as an animal model in studying genes and embryonic development?

A

C. elegans

122
Q

Annelids

A

Segmented Worms like Earthworms, Leeches

123
Q

What type of symmetry do annelids have?

A

Bilateral symmetry with little sensory apparatus

124
Q

Digestion in Annelids

A
  • Digestive tract is a tube-within-a-tube consisting of crop, gizzard, and intestine
  • Nephridia for excretion of the nitrogen waste, urea
125
Q

Circulatory system of Annelids

A
  • Closed circulatory system- heart consists of 5 pairs of aortic arches
  • Blood contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen
126
Q

Annelids diffusion

A

Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through moist skin

127
Q

Annelids are

A

hermaphrodites

128
Q

Mollusks

A

Squids, Octopuses, Slugs, Clams, and Snails

129
Q

Circulatory system of Mollusks

A

Open circulatory system with blood-filled spaces called hemocoels or sinuses

130
Q

Symmetry of Mollusks

A

Have bilateral symmetry with 3 distinct body zones

131
Q

What are the 3-distinct body zones of mollusks?

A
  1. Head-foot which contains both sensory and motor organs
  2. Visceral mass which contains the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction
  3. Mantle a specialized tissue that surrounds the visceral mass and secretes the shell
132
Q

Mollusks have a radula, which is

A

a movable, tooth-bearing structure, acts like a tongue

133
Q

Most mollusks have

A

gills and nephridia

134
Q

Arthropods

A

Insects (Grasshopper), Crustacea (Shrimp, Crab), Arachnida (Spider)

135
Q

2 Main Arthropods Characteristics

A
  • Jointed appendages

- Segmented into head, thorax, abdomen

136
Q

What protects arthropods and helps their movement?

A

Chitinous exoskeleton

137
Q

Compare arthropods and annelids

A

arthropods more sensory apparatus than in annelids, giving them more speed and freedom of movement

138
Q

Circulatory of Arthropods

A

Open circulatory system with a tubular heart and hemocoels, sinuses

139
Q

Digestion of Arthropods

A

Mapighian tubules for removal of nitrogenous wastes, uric acid

140
Q

Respiratory System of Arthropods

A

Air ducts called trachea bring air from the environment into hemocoels

141
Q

Echinoderms

A

Sea Stars (Starfish) and Sea Urchins

142
Q

Echinoderms are

A

sessile or slow moving

143
Q

Symmetry of Echinoderms

A

Bilateral symmetry as an embryo → primitive radial symmetry as an adult , the radial anatomy of the adult is an adaptation to a (sedentary) inactive life

144
Q

Echinoderm’s water vascular system creates

A

hydrostatic support for the tube feet, the locomotive structures

145
Q

How do echinoderms reproduce?

A
  • Reproduce by sexual reproduction with external fertilization
  • Can also reproduce by fragmentation and regeneration→ any piece of a sea star that contains part of the central canal will form a completely new organism
146
Q

Sea stars have an endoskeleton consisting of

A

calcium plates

147
Q

Sea stars have an endoskeleton consisting of

A

consisting of calcium plates (endoskeleton grows w/ the body, exoskeleton doesn’t and must be shed periodically)

148
Q

Chordates

A

Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

149
Q

Chordates

A

Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

150
Q

Chordates have a notochord

A

a rod that extends the length of the body and serves as a flexible axis

151
Q

The tail aids in _______and ________, the coccyx bone in humans is a _______ of a tail

A

movement and balance

vestige

152
Q

Birds+mammals are homeotherms meaning

A

they maintain a consistent body temp.

153
Q

Other than birds/mammals, all other chordates are

A

cold-blooded although some reptiles are endotherms (heat from within) and are able to raise their body temp

154
Q

Mammals belong to the phylum

A

cordata

155
Q

Main 3 characteristics of mammals

A
  • Mothers nourish children w/ milk from mammary glands
  • Have hair or fur
  • Endotherms (warm-blooded)
156
Q

Most mammals are

A

placental

‘eutherians’

157
Q

Eutherians means

A

the embryo develops internally in a uterus connected ot the mother by a placenta where nutrients diffused from mother to embryo

158
Q

What happens if a marsupial is born very early in embryonic development?

A

the ‘joey’ completes its development while nursing in the mother’s pouch attached to a tea

159
Q

What are monotremes?

A

egg-laying mammals

160
Q

Examples of monotremes

A

the duck-billed platypus and the spiny anteater, derive nutrients from a shelled egg

161
Q

What did primates descend from?

A

insectivores, small-tree dwelling mammals

162
Q

Primates have dexterous hand and

A

opposable thumbs, making it possible to do fine-motor tasks

163
Q

Primate’s nails replaces

A

claws + hands and fingers contain many more nerve endings and are sensitive

164
Q

How do primate’s forward facing/set close together eyes help them?

A

face-to-face communication

165
Q

Who engages in the most intense parenting of any mammal?

A

primates

166
Q

Primates include

A

humans, gorillas, chimps, orangutans, gibbons, and the old and new world monkey

167
Q

Cladograms and Phylogenetic Trees

A

These are diagrammatic representations of evolutionary history based on DNA sequences

168
Q

How do you build a cladogram?

A

you must distinguish the difference between shared traits - those that organisms have in common- and
derived traits- new characteristics or innovations that are not shared with ancestors

169
Q

How do you build a cladogram?

A

you must distinguish the difference between shared traits - those that organisms have in common- and derived traits- new characteristics or innovations that are not shared with ancestors

SAT II Biology (15 decks)

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