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SAT II Biology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Animals may reproduce

A

only asexually, only asexually, or alternate between the two

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2
Q

How is asexual reproduction an advantage when environmental conditions are stable?

A

asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parents

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3
Q

Some eggs can develop by

A

parthenogenesis: a process in which the egg develops without being fertilized and the adults that result are haploid

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4
Q

Parthenogenesis is a characteristic of honeybees

A

haploid individuals are male drones and diploid individuals are female workers

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5
Q

Some sessile animals are

A

hermaphrodites and can mate with any animal of their species

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6
Q

When hermaphrodite animals reproduce

A

both animals act as male and female and both donate and receive sperm

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7
Q

Sexual reproduction offers

A

increased variation among offspring and the possibility of greater reproductive success in a changing environment

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8
Q

During sexual reproduction,

A

a small flagellated haploid sperm (n) fertilizes a larger, nonmotile haploid egg (n) to form a diploid (2n) zygote
the zygote then undergoes cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis

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9
Q

How do fish and amphibians reproduce sexually?

A

carry out external fertilization, where the female sheds thousands of eggs to be fertilized by sperm directly in the environment

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10
Q

Fish and amphibian reproduction:

The likelihood that sperm and egg will actually fuse is

A

low, and the rate of predation of those that actually form a zygote is high
to compensate, millions of eggs and sperm are released at one time

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11
Q

Birds, reptiles, and mammals carry out

A

internal fertilization; usually they reproduce fewer zygotes and provide more parental care

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12
Q

Haploid is the currently the term used exclusively to mean

A

the n number of chromosomes

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13
Q 
Animal: fish 
Fertilization: 
Development:
Number of eggs:
Parental care:
A

external
external
many
none

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14
Q 
Animal: amphibian 
Fertilization:
Development:
Number of eggs:
Parental care:
A

external
external
many
none

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15
Q 
Animal: reptiles 
Fertilization:
Development:
Number of eggs:
Parental care:
A

internal
external (inside the egg)
few
some

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16
Q 
Animal: birds 
Fertilization:
Development:
Number of eggs:
Parental care:
A

internal
external (inside the egg)
few
much

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17
Q 
Animal: mammals 
Fertilization:
Development:
Number of eggs:
Parental care:
A

internal
internal
few
much

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18
Q

The 4 advantages of asexual reproduction

A
  1. enables animals living in isolation to reproduce without a mate
  2. creates numerous offspring quickly
  3. there is no expenditure of energy maintaining elaborate reproductive systems or hormonal cycles
  4. because offspring are clones of the parent, asexual reproduction is advantageous when the environment is stable and favorable
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19
Q

Types of asexual reproduction

A

fission
budding
fragmentation
parthenogenesis

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20
Q

Fission

A

the separation of an organism into 2 new cells (amoeba, bacteria)

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21
Q

Budding

A

involves the splitting off of new individuals from existing ones (hydra)

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22
Q

Fragmentation

A

and regeneration occur when a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into new individuals. (sponges, planaria, sea star)

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23
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

involves the development of an egg without fertilization

-resulting adult is haploid (honeybees and some lizards)

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24
Q

Sexual reproduction has 1 major advantage over asexual reproduction

A

variation

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25
Human Male Reproductive System
``` testes vas deferens prostate gland scrotum urethra ```
26
Testes
(testis, singular)- male gonads; the site of sperm formation
27
Vas deferens
the duct that carries sperm during ejaculation from the epididymis to the penis
28
Prostate gland
the large gland that secretes semen directly into the urethra
29
Scrotum
the sac outside the abdominal cavity that holds the testes; the cooler temperature that enables sperm to survive
30
Urethra
the tube that carries semen (the nutritive fluid that carries sperm) and urine
31
The Human Female Reproductive System
``` ovary oviduct or fallopian tube uterus vagina cervix endometrium ```
32
Ovary
where meiosis occurs and where the secondary oocyte forms prior to birth
33
Oviduct or Fallopian tube
where fertilization occurs; after ovulation, the egg moves through the oviduct to the uterus
34
Uterus
where the blastula stage of the embryo will implant and develop during the 9 month gestation, should fertilization occur
35
Vagina
the birth canal; during labor and delivery, the baby passes through the cervix and into the vagina
36
Cervix
the mouth of the uterus
37
Endometrium
lining of the uterus
38
The menstrual cycle consists of a
series of changes in the ovary and uterus that is controlled by the interaction of hormones
39
Human females release a
at internals that average about every 28 days from puberty until menopause
40
The release of an egg (really a secondary oocyte)
is one of four stages of the cycle
41
Follicular phase
several tiny cavities called follicles in the ovaries grow and secrete increasing amounts of estrogen in response to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary
42
Ovulation
the secondary oocyte ruptures out of the ovaries in response to a rapid increase in luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary
43
When does ovulation occur?
on or about the 14th day after menstruation
44
Luteal phase
after ovulation, the corpus luteum (the cavity of the follicle left behind) forms and secretes estrogen and progesterone that thicken then endometrium (lining) of the uterus
45
Menstruation
if implantation of any embryo doesn't occur, the buildup of the lining of the uterus breaks down and is shed -tissue and some blood are discharged from the vagina
46
Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle
the hypothalamus in the brain releases GnRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH, which, in turn, stimulate the ovary to release estrogen and progesterone -the 2 hormones prepare the uterus for implantation of an embryo
47
Spermatogenesis
the process of sperm production, is a continuous process that begins at puberty and can continue into old age
48
When does spermatogenesis begin?
begins as the luteinizing hormone (LH) induces the testes to produce testosterone -together FSH and testosterone stimulate sperm production in the testes
49
Each spermatogonium cell (2n) divides by
mitosis to produce 2 primary spermatocytes (2n) which can undergo meiosis I to produce produce 2 secondary spermatocytes (n)
50
Each secondary spermatocyte then undergoes
meiosis II, which yield four spermatids (n) | -these spermatids differentiate and move to the epididymis where they becomes motile
51
Each spermatogonium cell undergoes meiosis to produces
four active, equal size sperm
52
Oogenesis
the production of ova, begins prior to birth | -a female baby is born with all the primary oocytes she will ever have
53
Within the embryo, an oogonium cell (2n) undergoes
mitosis to produce 2 primary oocytes (2n) | -these remain inactive within follicles in the ovaries until puberty, when they become reactivated by hormones
54
Once follicles become reactivated by hormones,
meiosis I occurs, producing secondary oocytes (n) that are released monthly at ovulation -meiosis II doesn't occur until a sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte during fertilization, this could be 40 years after meiosis I
55
During meiosis I and II, the cytoplasm divides unequally. Almost all the cytoplasm remains
in the egg, leaving 2 tiny polar bodies that have very little cytoplasm and which will disintegrate
56
1 primary oogonium cell produces only
one active egg cell
57
Embryonic development
- a small, flagellated, haploid sperm (n) fertilizes a larger, nonmotile, haploid egg (n) to form a diploid (2n) zygote - the zygote then undergoes cleavage, a succession of mitotic divisions that results in the formation of a hollow ball called a blastula
58
Embryonic development consists of 3 stages
cleavage gastrulation organogenesis
59
Cleavage
the rapid mitotic cell division of the zygote that begins immediately after fertilization -the cells are dividing so quickly that individual cells have no time to grow in size
60
What do embryologists consider the end of the cleavage to be characterized by?
the production of a fluid-filled ball of cells called a bastula -the individual cells of the bastula are called blastomeres, and the fluid-filled center is a blastocoel
61
Gastrulation
the continuation of the process that beganduring cleavage | -involves differentiation; the rearrangement of the blastula to produce a 3-layered embryo called a gastrula
62
The gastrula consists of 3 differentiated layers called
the embryonic germ layers ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm they will develop in all the parts of the adult animal
63
What will each germ layer become?
ectoderm- skin and nervous system endoderm- forms the viscera, including the lungs, liver, and digestive organs mesoderm- muscle, blood, and bones
64
Some primitive animals (sponges and cnidarians) develop a noncellular layer,
the mesoglea, instead of the mesoderm
65
Organogenesis
the process by which cells continue to differentiate, producing organs from the 3 embryonic germ layers
66
Once all the organ systems have been developed, the embryo
increases and size and becomes a fetus
67
Pattern of embryo development
zygote > cleavage > blastula > gastrulation > gastrula > organogenesis > fetus
68
The 4 membranes that arise outside the bird embryo
known as the extraembryonic membranes | chorion, yolk sac, amnion, and allatois
69
Chorion
lies under the shell and allows for diffusion of respiratory gases between the outside environment and the inside of the shell
70
Yolk Sac
enclose the yolk, the food for the growing embryo
71
Amnion
encloses the embryo in protective amniotic fluid
72
Allantois
- analogous to the placenta in mammals - it's the channel for respiratory gases to and from the embryo - also the place where the nitrogenous waste uric acid accumulates until the chick hatches

SAT II Biology (15 decks)

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