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SAT II Biology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

Animals may reproduce

A

only asexually, only asexually, or alternate between the two

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2
Q

How is asexual reproduction an advantage when environmental conditions are stable?

A

asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parents

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3
Q

Some eggs can develop by

A

parthenogenesis: a process in which the egg develops without being fertilized and the adults that result are haploid

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4
Q

Parthenogenesis is a characteristic of honeybees

A

haploid individuals are male drones and diploid individuals are female workers

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5
Q

Some sessile animals are

A

hermaphrodites and can mate with any animal of their species

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6
Q

When hermaphrodite animals reproduce

A

both animals act as male and female and both donate and receive sperm

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7
Q

Sexual reproduction offers

A

increased variation among offspring and the possibility of greater reproductive success in a changing environment

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8
Q

During sexual reproduction,

A

a small flagellated haploid sperm (n) fertilizes a larger, nonmotile haploid egg (n) to form a diploid (2n) zygote
the zygote then undergoes cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis

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9
Q

How do fish and amphibians reproduce sexually?

A

carry out external fertilization, where the female sheds thousands of eggs to be fertilized by sperm directly in the environment

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10
Q

Fish and amphibian reproduction:

The likelihood that sperm and egg will actually fuse is

A

low, and the rate of predation of those that actually form a zygote is high
to compensate, millions of eggs and sperm are released at one time

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11
Q

Birds, reptiles, and mammals carry out

A

internal fertilization; usually they reproduce fewer zygotes and provide more parental care

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12
Q

Haploid is the currently the term used exclusively to mean

A

the n number of chromosomes

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13
Q 
Animal: fish 
Fertilization: 
Development:
Number of eggs:
Parental care:
A

external
external
many
none

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14
Q 
Animal: amphibian 
Fertilization:
Development:
Number of eggs:
Parental care:
A

external
external
many
none

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15
Q 
Animal: reptiles 
Fertilization:
Development:
Number of eggs:
Parental care:
A

internal
external (inside the egg)
few
some

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16
Q 
Animal: birds 
Fertilization:
Development:
Number of eggs:
Parental care:
A

internal
external (inside the egg)
few
much

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17
Q 
Animal: mammals 
Fertilization:
Development:
Number of eggs:
Parental care:
A

internal
internal
few
much

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18
Q

The 4 advantages of asexual reproduction

A
  1. enables animals living in isolation to reproduce without a mate
  2. creates numerous offspring quickly
  3. there is no expenditure of energy maintaining elaborate reproductive systems or hormonal cycles
  4. because offspring are clones of the parent, asexual reproduction is advantageous when the environment is stable and favorable
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19
Q

Types of asexual reproduction

A

fission
budding
fragmentation
parthenogenesis

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20
Q

Fission

A

the separation of an organism into 2 new cells (amoeba, bacteria)

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21
Q

Budding

A

involves the splitting off of new individuals from existing ones (hydra)

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22
Q

Fragmentation

A

and regeneration occur when a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into new individuals. (sponges, planaria, sea star)

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23
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

involves the development of an egg without fertilization

-resulting adult is haploid (honeybees and some lizards)

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24
Q

Sexual reproduction has 1 major advantage over asexual reproduction

A

variation

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25
Q

Human Male Reproductive System

A 
testes
vas deferens 
prostate gland 
scrotum 
urethra
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26
Q

Testes

A

(testis, singular)- male gonads; the site of sperm formation

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27
Q

Vas deferens

A

the duct that carries sperm during ejaculation from the epididymis to the penis

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28
Q

Prostate gland

A

the large gland that secretes semen directly into the urethra

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29
Q

Scrotum

A

the sac outside the abdominal cavity that holds the testes; the cooler temperature that enables sperm to survive

30
Q

Urethra

A

the tube that carries semen (the nutritive fluid that carries sperm) and urine

31
Q

The Human Female Reproductive System

A 
ovary 
oviduct or fallopian tube
uterus
vagina
cervix
endometrium
32
Q

Ovary

A

where meiosis occurs and where the secondary oocyte forms prior to birth

33
Q

Oviduct or Fallopian tube

A

where fertilization occurs; after ovulation, the egg moves through the oviduct to the uterus

34
Q

Uterus

A

where the blastula stage of the embryo will implant and develop during the 9 month gestation, should fertilization occur

35
Q

Vagina

A

the birth canal; during labor and delivery, the baby passes through the cervix and into the vagina

36
Q

Cervix

A

the mouth of the uterus

37
Q

Endometrium

A

lining of the uterus

38
Q

The menstrual cycle consists of a

A

series of changes in the ovary and uterus that is controlled by the interaction of hormones

39
Q

Human females release a

A

at internals that average about every 28 days from puberty until menopause

40
Q

The release of an egg (really a secondary oocyte)

A

is one of four stages of the cycle

41
Q

Follicular phase

A

several tiny cavities called follicles in the ovaries grow and secrete increasing amounts of estrogen in response to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary

42
Q

Ovulation

A

the secondary oocyte ruptures out of the ovaries in response to a rapid increase in luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary

43
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

on or about the 14th day after menstruation

44
Q

Luteal phase

A

after ovulation, the corpus luteum (the cavity of the follicle left behind) forms and secretes estrogen and progesterone that thicken then endometrium (lining) of the uterus

45
Q

Menstruation

A

if implantation of any embryo doesn’t occur, the buildup of the lining of the uterus breaks down and is shed
-tissue and some blood are discharged from the vagina

46
Q

Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle

A

the hypothalamus in the brain releases GnRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH, which, in turn, stimulate the ovary to release estrogen and progesterone
-the 2 hormones prepare the uterus for implantation of an embryo

47
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

the process of sperm production, is a continuous process that begins at puberty and can continue into old age

48
Q

When does spermatogenesis begin?

A

begins as the luteinizing hormone (LH) induces the testes to produce testosterone
-together FSH and testosterone stimulate sperm production in the testes

49
Q

Each spermatogonium cell (2n) divides by

A

mitosis to produce 2 primary spermatocytes (2n) which can undergo meiosis I to produce produce 2 secondary spermatocytes (n)

50
Q

Each secondary spermatocyte then undergoes

A

meiosis II, which yield four spermatids (n)

-these spermatids differentiate and move to the epididymis where they becomes motile

51
Q

Each spermatogonium cell undergoes meiosis to produces

A

four active, equal size sperm

52
Q

Oogenesis

A

the production of ova, begins prior to birth

-a female baby is born with all the primary oocytes she will ever have

53
Q

Within the embryo, an oogonium cell (2n) undergoes

A

mitosis to produce 2 primary oocytes (2n)

-these remain inactive within follicles in the ovaries until puberty, when they become reactivated by hormones

54
Q

Once follicles become reactivated by hormones,

A

meiosis I occurs, producing secondary oocytes (n) that are released monthly at ovulation
-meiosis II doesn’t occur until a sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte during fertilization, this could be 40 years after meiosis I

55
Q

During meiosis I and II, the cytoplasm divides unequally. Almost all the cytoplasm remains

A

in the egg, leaving 2 tiny polar bodies that have very little cytoplasm and which will disintegrate

56
Q

1 primary oogonium cell produces only

A

one active egg cell

57
Q

Embryonic development

A
  • a small, flagellated, haploid sperm (n) fertilizes a larger, nonmotile, haploid egg (n) to form a diploid (2n) zygote
  • the zygote then undergoes cleavage, a succession of mitotic divisions that results in the formation of a hollow ball called a blastula
58
Q

Embryonic development consists of 3 stages

A

cleavage
gastrulation
organogenesis

59
Q

Cleavage

A

the rapid mitotic cell division of the zygote that begins immediately after fertilization
-the cells are dividing so quickly that individual cells have no time to grow in size

60
Q

What do embryologists consider the end of the cleavage to be characterized by?

A

the production of a fluid-filled ball of cells called a bastula
-the individual cells of the bastula are called blastomeres, and the fluid-filled center is a blastocoel

61
Q

Gastrulation

A

the continuation of the process that beganduring cleavage

-involves differentiation; the rearrangement of the blastula to produce a 3-layered embryo called a gastrula

62
Q

The gastrula consists of 3 differentiated layers called

A

the embryonic germ layers
ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
they will develop in all the parts of the adult animal

63
Q

What will each germ layer become?

A

ectoderm- skin and nervous system
endoderm- forms the viscera, including the lungs, liver, and digestive organs
mesoderm- muscle, blood, and bones

64
Q

Some primitive animals (sponges and cnidarians) develop a noncellular layer,

A

the mesoglea, instead of the mesoderm

65
Q

Organogenesis

A

the process by which cells continue to differentiate, producing organs from the 3 embryonic germ layers

66
Q

Once all the organ systems have been developed, the embryo

A

increases and size and becomes a fetus

67
Q

Pattern of embryo development

A

zygote > cleavage > blastula > gastrulation > gastrula > organogenesis > fetus

68
Q

The 4 membranes that arise outside the bird embryo

A

known as the extraembryonic membranes

chorion, yolk sac, amnion, and allatois

69
Q

Chorion

A

lies under the shell and allows for diffusion of respiratory gases between the outside environment and the inside of the shell

70
Q

Yolk Sac

A

enclose the yolk, the food for the growing embryo

71
Q

Amnion

A

encloses the embryo in protective amniotic fluid

72
Q

Allantois

A
  • analogous to the placenta in mammals
  • it’s the channel for respiratory gases to and from the embryo
  • also the place where the nitrogenous waste uric acid accumulates until the chick hatches

SAT II Biology (15 decks)

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