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SAT II Biology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

The human body has evolved a complex system of defenses to fight

A

pathogens (organisms that cause disease) and keep us healthy

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2
Q

What is one way the immune system defends the body in a nonspecific way?

A

by attacking anything foreign

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3
Q

The immune system can also identify

A

certain invading cells and attack them specifically

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4
Q

The nonspecific immune system consists of

A

2 lines of defense

the 1st and 2nd line of defense

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5
Q

First Line of Defense

A

a barrier that helps prevent pathogens from entering the body.

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6
Q

First Line of Defense :

The body has several different types of barriers

A

skin- blocks pathogens
mucous membranes- release mucus to trap microbes
cilia- in the respiratory system, sweeps out mucus with it’s trapped microbes
stomach acid- kills germs that enter through the nose and mouth

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7
Q

Microbes that get into the body encounter the

A

second line of nonspecific defense

-it’s not meant to limit the spread of invaders in advance of specific immune responses

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8
Q

How many types of immune responses are there?

A

inflammatory response
phagocytes
interferons

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9
Q

Inflammatory response

A

characterized by swelling, redness, soreness, and increased warmth in the area

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the inflammatory response?

A

to increase the blood supply to the area, thus increasing nutrients - including oxygen and white blood cells to fight disease

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11
Q

How does the inflammatory response work?

A

histamine and increased body temperature

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12
Q

Histamine

A

triggers vasodilation (enlargement of blood vessels), which increases blood supply to the area bring more phagocytes to gobble up germs

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13
Q

Histamine is also responsible for the symptoms of the

A

common cold: sneezing, coughing, redness, and itching and runny nose and eyes- all in attempt to get rid of the body of invaders

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14
Q

Increased body temperature speeds up the

A

immune system and makes it more difficult for microbes to function

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15
Q

Phagocytes

A

also consume invading microbes

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16
Q

Macrophages (‘giant’ eaters’)

A

a type of white blood cell that extend psuedopods and engulf huge numbers of microbes over a long period of time

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17
Q

Interferons

A

these chemicals are released by the immune system to block against viral infections

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18
Q

The 3rd line of defense is

A

specific and consists of lymphocytes

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19
Q

2 types of lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

  • both originate in the bone marrow
  • both cell types circulate in the blood, lymph, and lymphatic tissue: spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and adenoids
  • both recognize different specific antigens (germs)
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20
Q

Antigen

A

anything that triggers an immune response

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21
Q

B lymphocytes

A

produce antibodies against a specific antigen in what is called a humoral response

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22
Q

T lymphocytes

A

fight pathogens by hand-to-hand combat in what is called a cell-mediated response

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23
Q

Antibodies are part of the 3rd line of defense- the specific immune response.
Each antibody has the ability to

A

bind to only one particular antigen

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24
Q

Antibodies angainst influenza bind to and only

A

neutralize the influenza virus; they have no effect on the polio virus

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25
Q

Antibodies neutralize antigens by

A

binding to them and by forming an antigen-antibody complex that can then be consumed by a phagocyte

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26
Q

Clonal selection

A

a fundamental mechanism in the development of immunity

-antigens that have entered the body bind to specific B or T lymphocytes

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27
Q

Once a lymphocyte has been slected,

A

it becomes very metabolically active, proliferates (clones 1000s of copies of itself) and differentiates into plasma cells and memory cells

28
Q

Once a lymphocyte has been slected,

A

it becomes very metabolically active, proliferates (clones 1000s of copies of itself) and differentiates into plasma cells and memory cells

29
Q

Plasma cells

A

these fight antigens immediately in what is called the primary immune response
they don’t live long

29
Q

Plasma cells

A

these fight antigens immediately in what is called the primary immune response
they don’t live long

30
Q

Memory cells fight the same antigens that plasma cells do, but they

A

remain circulating in the blood in samll numbers for a lifetime

31
Q

You have memory cells circulating in your blood that are specific

A

for every viral infection you have every been ill with and every disease against which you have been vaccinated

32
Q

You have memory cells specific for

A

mumps, measles, rubella, and polio

32
Q

You have memory cells specific for

A

mumps, measles, rubella, and polio

33
Q

Immunological memory

A
  • the capacity of the immune system to generate a 2ndary immune response
  • it’s the mechanism that prevents you from getting any specific viral infection, such as chicken pox, more than once
34
Q

Types of immunity

A

passive and active immunity

35
Q

Passive immunity

A

temporary

  • antibodies are borrowed and don’t survive for long
  • ex. maternal antibodies that pass through the placenta to the developing fetus or that pass through breast milk to the baby.
36
Q

The first milk that a newborn receives from the mother is called

A

colostrum and is 100% antibodies

37
Q

Active immunity

A

present

  • you make the antibodies yourself
  • an individual makes his or her own antibodies after being ill and recovering or after being given an immunization or vaccine
38
Q

A vaccine contains either

A

dead or live viruses or enough of the outercoat of a virus to stimulate a full immune response and to impart lifelong immunity

39
Q

ABO blood types

A

ABO antibodies circulate in the plasma of the blood and bind w/ ABO antigens in the event of an improper transfusion

40
Q

Certain danger from a transfusion comes when

A

the recipient has antibodies to the donor’s antigens

41
Q

Cross-match

A

before someone receives a transfusion of blood, samples of the recipient’s and the donor’s blood must be mixed in the lab to determine and ensure compatibility

42
Q

Why is blood type O known as the universal donor?

A

because it has no blood cell antigens to be clumped by the recipient’s blood

43
Q

Blood type AB is known as the universal recipient because

A

there are no antibodies to clump the donor’s blood

44
Q

4 types of human blood types:

Blood types are inherited, and your blood type

A

A, B, O, AB

doesn’t change during your lifetime

45
Q

Blood type: A
Antigens present on the surface of the RBCs:
Antibodies present circulating in the plasma:

A

A

B (antibodies against B)

46
Q

Blood type: B
Antigens present on the surface of the RBCs:
Antibodies present circulating in the plasma:

A

B

A (antibodies against A)

47
Q

Blood type: O
Antigens present on the surface of the RBCs:
Antibodies present circulating in the plasma:

A

none

A and B (antibodies against A and B)

48
Q

Blood type: AB
Antigens present on the surface of the RBCs:
Antibodies present circulating in the plasma:

A

A and B

no antibodies against A or B

49
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immune deficiency syndrome
-people with AIDS are highly susceptible to opportunistic diseases, infections, and cancers that take advantage of a collapsed immune system

50
Q

The virus that causes AIDS, HIV (human immunodeficiency disease) mainly attacks

A

helper T cells

50
Q

The virus that causes AIDS, HIV (human immunodeficiency disease) mainly attacks

A

helper T cells

51
Q

HIV is a retrovirus. Once inside a cell, it

A

transcribes itself in reverse, that means that the viral RNA uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase to make DNA
-the opposite of the typical DNA transcribing mRNA, the host cell then integrates this newly formed DNA into its own genome

52
Q

What are allergies?

A

hypersensitive immune responses to certain substances called allergens
-involve the release of excessive amounts of histamine, an anti-inflammatory agent , which causes blood vessels to dilate

53
Q

What does a normal allergic reaction involve?

What can counteract these symptoms?

A

redness, runny nose, and itchy eyes

-take antihistamines

54
Q

Sometimes, an acute allergic response can result in a life-threatening response called

A

anaphylactic shock that can result in death within minutes

55
Q

Antibiotics

A

medicines that kill bacteria or fungi

56
Q

While vaccines are given to prevent illness caused by viruses, antibiotics are administered

A

after a person is sick. They cure the disease

57
Q

Vaccines

A

prevent viral infections

-there is no cure for viral infections as there is for bacterial infections.

58
Q

Vaccine against HPV (human papilloma virus, causes cervical cancer)

A
  • first vaccine designed to prevent cancer

- recommended for girls between the ages of 11 and 12

59
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

caused by a mistake of the immune system
-the system can’t distinguish between self and nonself and instead perceive certain structures in the body as foreign and produces antibodies to attack them

60
Q

Examples of autoimmune disease

A

multiple sclerosis, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile diabetes

61
Q

Multiple sclerosis

Juvenile diabetes

A
  1. immune system attacks the myelin sheath surrounding certain neurons, treatment varies
  2. treatment is shots of insulin
62
Q

In other diseases, the goal is to

A

reduce symptoms by suppressing the immune system while maintaining the body’s ability to fight disease

63
Q

Antibiotics _______

Vaccines ________

A

cure

prevent

SAT II Biology (15 decks)

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