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SAT II Biology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell respiration

A

oxidative reactions where cells gradually release energy from glucose,make it ATP

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2
Q

Energy stored in ATP is

A

Immediately available for cellular activities such as contracting muscles, passing an impulse , etc.

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3
Q

Equation for complete aerobic respiration of 1 molecule of glucose

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

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4
Q

Glucose combines with oxygen to produce

A

Energy (ATP) plus the waste products CO2 and water

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5
Q

ATP is a

A

A special high-energy molecule that stores energy for immediate use in the cell

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6
Q

ATP consists of

A

Adenosine (nucleotide adenine + ribose) + 3 phosphates

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7
Q

The removal of 1 phosphate group from

A

ATP results in the formation of more stable and lower energy molecule, ADP

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8
Q

Energy is absorbed to add a

A

Phosphate to ADP to produce ATP

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9
Q

Mitochondrion is enclosed by 2 membranes

A

An outer membrane and an inner folded cristae membrane

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10
Q

Inner membrane divides the mitochondria into

A

2 internal compartments, the outer compartment and matrix

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11
Q

Krebs cycle takes place in the

A

matrix

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12
Q

The electron transport chain takes place in the

A

Cristae membrane

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13
Q

Cell respiration has 2 phases

A

Anaerobic and aerobic

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14
Q

If oxygen is not present (anaerobic)

A

Glycolysis is followed by alcohol fermentation or lactic acid fermentation

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15
Q

If oxygen is present (aerobic)

A

Glycolysis is followed by the Krebs cycle, the ETC, and chemiosmosis

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16
Q

Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) originated

A

Billions of years ago when there was no free oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere

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17
Q

The 2 types of fermentation

A

Alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

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18
Q

Glycolysis produces

A

Pyruvic acid and a small amount of ATP

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19
Q

Glycolysis

A

The anaerobic phase of aerobic respiration

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20
Q

1 molecule of glucose breaks apart into

A

2 molecules of pyruvate

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21
Q

What is pyruvate (or pyruvic acid)?

A

1/2 a glucose molecule

-is the raw material for the next step in respiration, the Krebs cycle

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22
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

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23
Q

Each step of glycolysis is controlled by

A

a different enzyme

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24
Q

2 molecules of ATP supply the

A

energy of activation in glycolysis

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25
Q

The energy of activation is the

A

energy needed to begin the reaction

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26
Q

Glycolysis releases

A

4 ATP molecules, resulting in a net gain of 2 ATP

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27
Q

glycolysis -1 glucose + 2 ATP —>

A

2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH (net gain 2 ATP)

28
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

certain cells convert pyruvic acid/pyruvate from glycolysis into ethyl alcohol and CO2 in the absence of oxygen

29
Q

The bread baking industry depends on the

A

ability of yeast to carry out fermentation and produce the CO2 that causes bread to rise

30
Q

The beer, wine, and liquor industries depend on

A

yeast to ferment sugar into ethyl alcohol

31
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

occurs during strenuous exercise when the body cannot keep up with the increased demand for oxygen by skeletal muscles

32
Q

What causes fatigue and burning in one’s muscles?

A

pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis that converts to lactic acid that builds up in muscles

33
Q

What does the phrase “no pain, no gain” refer to?

A

pain caused by lactic acid buildup in skeletal muscles

34
Q

When an increase in blood flow restores proper oxygen levels

A

the muscle tissue reverts to the more efficient aerobic respiration and lactic acid is removed from the muscles

35
Q

Where is lactic acid carried?

A

the liver where it is converted back to pyruvic acid

36
Q

Aerobic respiration consists of 3 processes:

A

glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain

37
Q

The krebs cycle is also known as

A

the citric acid cycle

38
Q

The krebs cycle is the

A

first stage of the aerobic phase of cellular respiration

39
Q

Pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) combines with coenzyme A (a vitamin derivative)

A

to form Acetyl-CoA , which enters the Krebs cycle

40
Q

Each turn of the Krebs cycle produces 1 molecule of

A

both ATP and FADH2 plus 3 molecules of NADH

41
Q

What is the by-product of the Krebs cycle?

A

CO2 (which is exhaled)

42
Q

In summary, the Krebs cycle produces

A
  • a small amount of ATP
  • carbon dioxide
  • NADH and FADH2
43
Q

What are NADH and FADH2 molecules?

A

coenzymes that shuttle protons and electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the ETC

44
Q

NAD+ is

NADH is

A

oxidized form

reduce form

45
Q

FAD+ is

FADH2 is

A

oxidized form

reduced form

46
Q

NAD and FAD carry

A

H+ (protons) from the Krebs cycle to the ETC

47
Q

Each ETC consists of a

A

series of carrier proteins that transport high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle

48
Q

The energy from these high energy electrons is coupled with/powers the

A

pumping of protons across the cristae membrane in the outer compartment in order to create a proton gradient

49
Q

The potential energy in this proton gradient is then used to

A

produce ATP through a process called chemiosmosis

50
Q

Chemiosmosis is also called

A

oxidative phosphorylation

51
Q

Almost all the ATP produced during aerobic cell respiration is

A

produced by chemiosmosis

52
Q

The ETC produces

A

a proton gradient

53
Q

The gradient represents

A

stored or potential energy that can be used to do work

54
Q

chemiosmosis uses the stored energy in the proton gradient to

A

convert ADP into ATP

55
Q

Chemiosmosis uses the energy stored in the proton gradient to

A

power the synthesis of ATP

56
Q

What does chemiosmosis depend on?

A

a very special molecule located within the cristae membrane called ATP synthetase

57
Q

What is ATP synthetase?

A

a proton channel structure that can spin like a turbine

58
Q

What happens as protons pour through the ATP synthetase channel?

A

part of the molecule turns and attaches phosphates to ADP molecules, forming molecules of ATP

59
Q

oxygen has a strong attraction for

A

electrons and protons

60
Q

What is oxygen’s role in the chemiosmosis?

A
  • it pulls the electrons through the ETC

- serves as the final electron/proton acceptor in the ETC

61
Q

When oxygen combines with protons and electrons at the end of the ETC

A

water is formed as a waste product, this is the water vapor we constantly exhale

62
Q

Every mitochondrian contains

A

1000s of ETCs

63
Q

The ETC carries electrons through a series of

A

redox reactions as special molecules bind to and let go of electrons

64
Q

Protons cannot diffuse directly through the cristae membrane but can only cross through

A

ATP synthetase channels

65
Q

During respiration, most energy flows in this sequence

A

glucose –> NAD and FAD –> ETC (chemiosmosis) –> ATP

SAT II Biology (15 decks)

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