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SAT II Biology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Animals

A

multicellular eukaryotes

all are heterotrophs and acquire nutrients by ingestion

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2
Q

Movement

A

a characteristic of all animals

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3
Q

Movement can refer to

A
  • beating of cilia or the waving of tentacle to capture prey
  • locomotion, movement from place to place
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4
Q

Some animals like hydra or sponges are

A

sessile, meaning they don’t move

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5
Q

The hydra (phylum Cnidaria) feeds by

A

moving it tentacles and stinging prey that swims near enough to touch

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6
Q

Some mollusks have a mantle which

A

secretes a shell that offers protection

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7
Q

Some arthropods, like crabs and grasshoppers, have an exoskeleton

A

consisting mostly of the polysaccharide, chitin, which does not grow with the animal and must be shed periodically

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8
Q

Exoskeletons

A

protects the soft body inside

in combination with muscles, it enables the animal to move rapidly

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9
Q

Animals, like the nematodes (roundworms). flatworms (planaria), and annelids (earthworms) have a

A

hydrostatic skeleton, a closed body compartment filled with fluid
-muscles change the shape of this fluid-filled compartment enabling the animal to move from place to place

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10
Q

Chordates, like frogs, cats, and humans, have an

A

endoskeleton made of bone and cartilage that grows as the animal grows

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11
Q

Bones are connected to each other at joints by

A

ligaments while tendons connect bones to muscles

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12
Q

Remember

endo vs exo skeleton

A

endoskeleton grows the animal

exoskeleton does not

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13
Q

Most life exists only within a fairly narrow range from

A

0 C - 50 C

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14
Q

What’s the most stable environment and experience the least fluctuation in environmental temperatures?

A

the ocean

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15
Q

Temperatures on land

A

fluctuate enormously

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16
Q

The size of ears in a jackrabbit can be correlated to

A

the climate it lives in

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17
Q

Jackrabbits ear’s in cold vs. warm

A

C: small ears close to the head to minimize heat loss
W: long ears to dissipate heat from the many capillaries that make their ears appear pink

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18
Q

How else can animals regulate body temperatures ?

A

by changes in behavior

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19
Q

Snakes

A

warm itself in the sun and cool off by hiding in the shade

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20
Q

Bees

A

swarming in a hive raises the temperature inside the hive

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21
Q

Dogs

A

pant and sweat through their tongues

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22
Q

Elephants

A

lack sweat glands but wet down their thick skin with water and flap their ears, which are rich in capillaries

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23
Q

Humans

A

shiver/jump around to keep wamr

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24
Q

Animals on a cold prairie in winter

A

huddle to decrease heat loss

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25
Q

Ectotherm

A

means heated from outside

closest in meaning to cold-blooded

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26
Q

Endotherm (Homeotherm)

A

the scientific word for warm blooded

-maintaining a constant body temperature despite changes in the environmental temperature

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27
Q

Which animals are endotherms/homeotherms?

A

birds and mammals

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28
Q

Being ‘warm-blooded’ requires

A

enormous energy

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29
Q

How did being warm-blooded give birds and mammals an edge in ancient Earth when the dominant animal was the reptile?

A

mammals and birds can be active at any time while reptiles can only be active when the temperature permits it

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30
Q

Excretion

A

removal of metabolic wastes

these include water, CO2, and nitrogenous wastes

31
Q

3 different types of nitrogenous wastes

A

ammonia
urea
uric acid

32
Q

Ammonia

A
  • very soluble in water and highly toxic

- excreted generally by organisms that live in water, including hydra and fish

33
Q

Urea

A
  • not as toxic as ammonia
  • excreted by earthworms and humans
  • in mammals, it’s formed in the liver from ammonia
34
Q

Uric Acid

A
  • pastelike substance that that is not soluble in water and therefore not very toxic
  • excreted by insects, many reptiles, and birds, with a minimum of water loss
35
Q

Organism: hydra
Structure:
Nitrogenous Waste:

A

none

ammonia

36
Q

Organism: platyhelminthes (planaria)
Structure:
Nitrogenous Waste:

A

flame cells

ammonia

37
Q

Organism: earthworms
Structure:
Nitrogenous Waste:

A

nephridia (metanephridia)

urea

38
Q

Organism: insects
Structure:
Nitrogenous Waste:

A

malpighian tubules

uric acid

39
Q

Organism: humans
Structure:
Nitrogenous Waste:

A

nephrons

urea

40
Q

Where does digestion occurs in cnidarians like hydra and jellyfish?

A

gastrovascular cavity which only has 1 opening, the mouth

41
Q

The animal (hydra-cnidarians) has a 2-way digestive tract meaning

A

food enters the same opening as waste exists

42
Q

Hydra-phylum cnidaria

Cells of the gastrodermis (lining of the gastrovascular cavity or gastrocoel)

A

secrete digestive enzymes into the cavity to aid in extracellular digestion (where the main part of digestion occurs)

43
Q

Since the cnidarians are animals, their cells

A

contain lysosomes that carry out intracellular and extracellular digestion

44
Q

What is the basic body plan of the hydra? of the jellyfish?

A

polyp

medusa

45
Q

Symmetry of cnidarians

A

primitive and radial

46
Q

Cell layers of Cnidarians

A

2 cell layers, ecto and endoderm

layers are held together by mesoglea (middle glue)

47
Q

Why doesn’t the hydra need a circulatory system?

A

every cell is in direct contact with its environment

48
Q

All cnidarians have cells called cnidocytes that contain

A

stingers, called nematocysts

49
Q

Explain the nervous system of cnidarians

A

response to environment is controlled by a primitive nervous system, a nerve net, where impulses travel in all directions from any site
-as a result, entire animal responds to a single stimulus

50
Q

How do cnidarians reproduce?

A

sexually and asexually by budding

51
Q

What’s budding

A

a bud is a genetically identical but miniature version of the parent that forms within or on the parent, ultimately it breaks free

52
Q

The digestive tract of the earthworm is

A

a long, straight tube

53
Q

Earthworm digestion - Step 1

A

mouth ingests decaying organic matter along with soil

54
Q

Earthworm digestion - Step 2

A

from the mouth, food moves to the esophagus and then to the crop, where it is stored

55
Q

Earthworm digestion - Step 3

A

the gizzard which consist of thick muscular walls, grinds up the food with the help of sand and soil, which were ingested along with the organic matter

56
Q

Earthworm digestion - Step 4

A

the rest of the digestive tract consists of the intestines where chemical digestion and absorption occur

57
Q

What is absorption in earthworms enhanced by?

A

the presence of a large fold in the upper surface of the intestine, called the typhlosole, which greatly increases the surface area

58
Q

How does the exchange of respiratory gases work in earthworms?

A

occurs passively by diffusion through the moist skin
earthworm are said to have an external respiratory surface because diffusion of these gases occurs at the animal’s surface

59
Q

Earthworm’s Circulatory System- heart

A

-heart consist of 5 pairs of aortic arches that pump blood through arteries, veins, and capillaries

60
Q

Why do we think the earthworm has a closed circulatory system?

A

since blood never normally leaves these blood vessels

61
Q

The brain of the earthworm consists of

A

2 dorsal, solid, fused ganglia that connect to a solid, ventral nerve cord

62
Q

The earthworm has paired ________ ub every body segment to remove the nitrogenous waste urea

A

nephridia

63
Q

Earthworm reproduction

A

earthworm is a hermaphrodite

64
Q

Grasshopper’s Digestive Tract

A

consists of a long tube consisting of a crop and a gizzard

65
Q

Grasshopper has specialized mouthparts for

A

tasting, biting, and crushing food

66
Q

Grasshopper has a gizzard that contains

A

plates made of chitin that help grind food

67
Q

Grasshopper digestive tract is also responsible for removing

A

nitrogenous waste uric acid from the animal

-malpighian tubules

68
Q

Grasshopper circulatory system - heart

A

-heart is tubular and animal lacks capillaries

69
Q

Grasshopper has an

A

open circulatory system where blood normally leaves the artery and moves through interconnected sinuses or hemocoels (spaces surrounding the organs)

70
Q

Arthropod blood doesn’t carry

A

hemoglobin or oxygen

71
Q

Grasshopper/Arthropods&Crustaceans Respiratory system

A

internal respiratory surface because exchange of oxygen and CO2 occurs inside the animal

72
Q

In an internal respiratory surface,

A

air enters the body through spiracles and travels through a system of tracheal tubes into the homecoels or sinuses, where diffusion occurs

73
Q

In arthropods and some mollusks, oxygen is carried by

A

hemocyanin, a molecule similar to hemoglobin but with copper, instead of iron, as its core atom

SAT II Biology (15 decks)

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