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SAT II Biology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Photosynthesis

A

light energy is used to make glucose

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2
Q

Solar energy is converted into chemical energy

A

bc energy is stored in chemical bonds

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3
Q

Photosynthesis is carried out by

A

all organisms in plant kingdom and algae in protista kingdom

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4
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

6CO2+ 12H20 → C6H12O6 + 6H20 + 6O2

Carbon dioxide + water → sugar + water + oxygen

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5
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

This is a reduction reaction because carbon in co2 is gaining electrons from hydrogen in water (reduction→ the gain of electrons or protons)

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6
Q

Autotrophs

A

organisms that make their own food

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7
Q

Chloroplasts are

A

enclosed by a double membrane and contains grana (consisting of layers of membranes called thylakoids)

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8
Q

What happens in the grana?

A

light-dependent reactions occur

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9
Q

What happens in the stoma?

A

the Calvin cycle (light independent reactions occur)

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10
Q

When light strikes an object, it can be

A

reflected, transmitted or absorbed

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11
Q

Something that appears red

A

reflects red light and absorbs all other colors of light

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12
Q

What do photosynthetic pigments do?

A

absorb light energy and use it to carry out photosynthesis

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13
Q

Pigments

A

substances that absorb light in the visible spectrum

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14
Q

Different pigments absorb

A

light of different wavelengths

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15
Q

What can participate directly in light-dependent reactions?

A

Only chlorophyll (green photosynthetic pigment) can participate directly in light-dependent reactions

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16
Q

What assists in photosynthesis?

A

Other pigments called antennae (or accessory pigments )

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17
Q

How do antennae assist in photosynthesis?

A

by capturing and passing on photons of light to chlorophyll a and thus expand the range of light that can be used to produce sugar

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18
Q

Accessory pigments include

A

chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and phycobilins

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19
Q

Chlorophyll b

A

green, absorbs all the other wavelengths of light besides green

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20
Q

Carotenoids

A

yellow, orange, and red pigments and are responsible for the color of carrots

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21
Q

Phycoblins

A

red pigments and are found in red algae that live deep in the ocean where there is very little light

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22
Q

Red/Blue are

Yellow/Orange are

A

absorbed

reflected

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23
Q

Only light that is absorbed can be

A

used to power the making of sugar

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24
Q

2 main processes of photosynthesis are

A

light-dependent reactions (light reactions) and light independent reactions

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25
Q

Both reactions only occur when

A

there is light

26
Q

Function of light dependent reactions is to

A

produce energy (atp) and protons for the light independent reactions.

27
Q

Function of light independent reactions

A

is to make sugar (pgal)

28
Q

Light dependent reactions occur in the

A

grana of chloroplasts within specialized membranes called thylakoids

29
Q

In these thylakoids are 100s of

A

light-absorbing complexed called photosystems

30
Q

Each photosystem consists of

A

chlorophyll a and the accessory pigments, chlorophyll b and carotenoids

31
Q

1 of the main results of light dependent reactions is that

A

large amounts of ATP are produced
in chloroplasts that same way as cellular respiration
in mitochondria by ETC and chemiosmosis

32
Q

Flow of light-dependent reactions (in detail)

A
  1. Chlorophyll in grana absorb light
  2. Electrons become energized and escape from chlorophyll molecules into ETC
  3. Energy from these energized electrons pumps protons across thylakoid membrane
  4. Creates proton gradient
  5. Potential energy stored in this proton is converted into ATP as protons flow through and ATP synthetase channel
33
Q

Flow of light-dependent reactions (simple)

A

Light→chlorophyll→energized electrons →ETC →proton gradient→ atp synthetase →atp

34
Q

Where does water have a role in these reactions?

A

Water breaks down by a process called photolysis into electrons, protons, and oxygen atoms

35
Q

Water’s Role:

Electrons

A

Electrons replace those lost by chlorophyll in the light dependent reaction

36
Q

Water’s Role:

Protons

A

Protons pass through ATP synthetase channel and get carried by NADP to stroma for light independent reaction

37
Q

Water’s Role:

Oxygen

A

Oxygen is released into the atmosphere as a waste product which is the source of oxygen in the atmosphere

38
Q

In short, light dependent reactions

A

produce atp, provide protons to the calvin cycle in light independent reactions

39
Q

Sugar is produced during the

A

calvin cycle of the light-independent reactions

40
Q

Light independent reactions

A

Reactions occur in stroma, function is to produce sugar or pgal

41
Q

In light-independent reactions,

A

CO2 (which plant takes in through leaves) combines with protons and electrons carried from light-dependent reactions by NADP to produce sugar

42
Q

Equation of light-independent process

A

CO2+H^+ (protons) + electrons = PGAL

43
Q

Carbon Fixation

A

incorporation of CO2 into a sugar molecule

44
Q

Light Independent reactions occur

A

in cyclical process known as calvin cycle

45
Q

Large amounts of ATP are required

A

to keep the calvin cycle running

46
Q

All necessary ATP is produced during

A

light dependent reactions

47
Q

Essence of Light-Independent reactions

A
  • Take place in stroma
  • Pgal or phosphoglyceraldehyde, a 3-carbon sugar C(H20)n is produced
  • All important enzyme require for calvin cycle is rubisco (ribulose biphosphate_
  • Uses large amts of atp
48
Q

Differences between cellular respiration and photosynthesis:

Occurs:

A

CR: occurs all the time
PS: occurs only in light

49
Q

Differences between cellular respiration and photosynthesis:

redox

A

CR: oxidation reaction
PS: reduction reaction

50
Q

Differences between cellular respiration and photosynthesis:

relies on

A

both rely on ETC to produce proton gradient

51
Q

Differences between cellular respiration and photosynthesis:

requires:

A

both require O2 and release CO2

52
Q

Differences between cellular respiration and photosynthesis:

proton carrier is:

A

CR: NAD is proton carrier
PS: NADP is proton carrier

53
Q

Differences between cellular respiration and photosynthesis:

ATP is produced by:

A

ATP synthetase

54
Q

Differences between cellular respiration and photosynthesis:

contains which cycle?

A

CR: contains cycle process, krebs cycle
PS: contains cyclincal process, calvin cycle

55
Q

Palisade layer consists of

A

tightly packed cells that contain chloroplasts

56
Q

Palisade layer is where

A

majority of photosynthesis occurs

57
Q

Spongy mesophyll contains

A

chloroplasts and also carries out photosynthesis

58
Q

Cells in spongy mesophyll are

A

less tightly packed and surrounded by air spaces which allow for exchange of O, CO2, and water vapor

59
Q

Epidermis layer

A

is clear, does not carry out photosynthesis

60
Q

The epidermis layer is

A

waterproof layer of cutin that minimizes excessive water loss

61
Q

Guard cells

A

controls opening and closing of stomates which allows for exchange of gasses with minimum water loss

SAT II Biology (15 decks)

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