chapter 9

Question 1

electromyogram (EMG)

Answer 1

an electrical potential recorded from an electrode placed on or in a muscle

Question 2

electro-oculogram (EOG)

Answer 2

an electrical potential from the eyes, recorded by means of electrodes placed on the skin around the; detects eye movements

Question 3

alpha activity

Answer 3

smooth electrical activity of 8-12 Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with a state of relaxation

Question 4

beta activity

Answer 4

irregular electrical activity of 13-30 Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with a state of arousal

Question 5

theta activity

Answer 5

EEG activity of 3.5-7.5 Hz that occurs intermittently during early stages of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep

Question 6

slow wave sleep

Answer 6

non- REM sleep characterized by synchronized EEG activity during its deeper stages

Question 7

delta activity

Answer 7

regular, synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz recorded from the brain; occurs during the deepest stages of slow-wave sleep

Question 8

REM sleep

Answer 8

a period of desynchronized EEG activity during sleep, at which time dreaming, rapid eye movements, and muscular paralysis occur; also called paradoxical sleep

Question 9

rebound phenomenon

Answer 9

the increased frequency or intensity of a phenomenon after it has been temporarily suppressed; for example, the increase in REM sleep seen after a period of REM sleep deprivation

Question 10

adenosine

Answer 10

a neuromodulator that is released by neurons engaging in high levels of metabolic activity; may play a primary role in the initiation of sleep

Question 11

locus coeruleus

Answer 11

a dark colored group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle; involved in arousal and vigilance

Question 12

raphe nuclei

Answer 12

a group of nuclei located in the reticular formation of the medulla, pons, and midbrain, situated alone the midline; contain serotonergic neurons

Question 13

tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN)

Answer 13

a nucleus in the ventral posterior hypothalamus just rostral to the mammillary bodies; contains histaminergic neurons involved in cortical activation and behavioral arousal

Question 14

orexin

Answer 14

a peptide, also known as hypocretin, produced by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus; their destruction causes narcolepsy

Question 15

ventrolateral preoptic area

Answer 15

a group of GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area whose activity suppresses alertness and behavioral arousal and promotes sleep

Question 16

sublaterodorsal nucleus

Answer 16

a region of the dorsal pons just ventral to the locus coeruleus that forms the REM-ON portion of the REM sleep flip flop

Question 17

ventrolateral periaqeductal gray matter

Answer 17

a region of the dorsal midbrain that forms the REM-OFF proportion of the REM sleep flip flop

Question 18

sleep apnea

Answer 18

cessation of breathing while sleeping

Question 19

narcolepsy

Answer 19

a sleep disorder characterized by periods of irresistible sleep, attacks of cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations

Question 20

sleep attack

Answer 20

a symptom of narcolepsy; an irresistible urge to sleep during the say, after which the person awakens feeling refreshed

Question 21

cataplexy

Answer 21

a symptom of narcolepsy; complete paralysis that occurs during waking

Question 22

sleep paralysis

Answer 22

a symptom of narcolepsy; paralysis occurring just before a person falls to sleep

Question 23

hypnagogic hallucination

Answer 23

a symptom of narcolepsy; vivid dreams that occur just before a person falls asleep; accompanied by sleep paralysis

Question 24

REM sleep behavior disorder

Answer 24

a neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep and thus acts out dreams

Question 25

sleep-related eating disorder

Answer 25

a disorder in which the person leaves his or her bed and seeks out and eats food while sleepwalking, usually without a memory for the episode the next day

Question 26

circadian rhythm

Answer 26

a daily rhythmical change in behavior or physiological process

Question 27

zeitgeber

Answer 27

a stimulus that resets the biological clock that is responsible for circadian rhythms

Question 28

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 28

a nucleus situated atop the optic chiasm. It contains a biological clock that is responsible for organizing many of the body’s circadian rhythms

Question 29

melanopsin

Answer 29

a photo pigment present in ganglion cells in the retina whose axons transmit information to the SCN, the thalamus, and the olivary pretectal nuclei

Question 30

advanced sleep phase syndrome

Answer 30

a four hour advance in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, apparently caused by a mutation of a gene involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN

Question 31

delayed sleep phase syndrome

Answer 31

a four hour delay in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles possibly caused by a mutation of a gene involved in the rhythmicity of neurons in the SCN

Question 32

pineal gland

Answer 32

a gland attached to the dorsal tectum; produces melatonin and plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms

Question 33

melatonin

Answer 33

a hormone secreted during the night by the pineal body; plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms