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psych 302 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sexually dimorphic behavior

A

A behavior that has different forms or that occurs with different probabilities or under different circumstances

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2
Q

Sex

A

The genetic or physiological characteristics of males and females

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3
Q

Gender

A

Refers to the socially influenced identity, roles, and/or behavior of an individual as they pertain to male and female identities

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4
Q

Intersex

A

A variety of combinations of biologically male and female characteristics such as an individual born with external female genitalia and internal male sex organs

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5
Q

Transgender

A

A gender identity that does not necessarily correspond to biological sex at birth

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6
Q

Gamete

A

A mature reproductive cell; a sperm or ovum

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7
Q

Genetic sex

A

Determined by the presence of XX or XY chromosomes

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8
Q

Sex chromosome

A

The X and Y chromosomes which determine an organism’s genetic sex. Typically XX individuals are female and XY individuals are male

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9
Q

Gonad

A

An ovary or testis

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10
Q

SRY

A

The gene on the Y chromosome whose product instructs the undifferentiated fetal gonads to develop into testes; official name is sex determining region Y

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11
Q

Organizational effect (of hormone)

A

The effect of a hormone on tissue differentiation and development

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12
Q

Activational effect (of hormone)

A

The effect of a hormone that occurs in the fully developed organism; may depend on the organism’s prior exposure to the organizational effects of hormones

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13
Q

Mullerian system

A

The embryonic precursors of the female internal sex organs

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14
Q

Wolffian system

A

The embryonic precursors of the male internal organs

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15
Q

Anti-mullerian hormone

A

A peptide secreted by the fetal testes that inhibits the development of the mullerian system, which would otherwise become the female internal sex organs

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16
Q

Defeminizing effect

A

An effect of a hormone present early in development that reduces or prevents the later development of anatomical or behavioral characteristics typical of females

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17
Q

Androgen

A

A male sex steroid hormone. Testosterone is the principal mammalian androgen

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18
Q

Masculinizing effect

A

An effect of a hormone present early in development that promotes the later development of anatomical or behavioral characteristics typical of males

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19
Q

Testosterone

A

The principal androgen found in males

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20
Q

Dihydrotestosterone

A

A androgen, produced from testosterone through the action of the enzyme 5a reductase

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21
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

A condition caused by congenital lack of functioning Androgen receptors; in a person with XY sex chromosomes cause the development of a female with testes but no internal sex organs

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22
Q

Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome

A

A condition cause by a congenital lack of anti mullerian hormone or receptors fro this hormone; in a male, causes development of both male and female internal sex organs

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23
Q

Tuner syndrome

A

The presence of only one sex chromosome (an X chromosome); characterized by lack of ovaries but otherwise normal female sex organs

24
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

A hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropic hormone

25
Q

Gonadotropic hormone

A

A hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that has a stimulating effect of cells of the gonads

26
Q

Follicle- stimulating hormone

A

The hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes development of an ovarian follicle and maturation of an ovum

27
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

A hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes ovulation and development of the ovarian follicle into a corpus luteum

28
Q

Kisspeptin

A

A peptide produced by neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus under the control of lepton receptors; essential of initiation of puberty and maintenance of reproductive ability

29
Q

Estradiol

A

The principal estrogen of many mammals, including humans

30
Q

Estrogen

A

A class of sex hormones that cause maturation of female genitalia growth of breast tissue and development of other physical features characteristic of females

31
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

The female reproductive cycle of most primates, including humans; characterized by growth of the lining of the uterus, ovulation, development of a corpus luteum, and menstruation

32
Q

Estrous cycle

A

The female reproductive cycle of mammals other than primates

33
Q

Ovarian follicle

A

A cluster of epithelial cells surrounding an oocyte, which develops into an ovum

34
Q

Corpus luteum

A

A cluster of cells that develops from the ovarian follicle after ovulation; secretes estradiol and progesterone

35
Q

Progesterone

A

A steroid hormone produced by the ovary that maintains the endometrial lining of the uterus during the later part of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy; along with estradiol it promotes receptivity in female mammals with estrous cycles

36
Q

Refractory period

A

A period of time after a particular action during which that action cannot occur again

37
Q

Oxytocin

A

A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland; causes contraction of the the smooth muscle of the milk ducts, the uterus, and the male ejaculatory system; also serves as a neurotransmitter in the brain

38
Q

Estrus

A

A period of sexual receptivity in many female mammals

39
Q

Lordosis

A

A spinal sexual reflex seen in many four legged female mammals; arching of the back in response to approach of a male or to touching the flanks, which elevates the hindquarters

40
Q

Pheromone

A

A chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior or physiology of another animal; usually smelled or tasted

41
Q

Vomeronasal organ

A

A sensory organ that detects the presence of certain chemicals especially when a liquid is actively sniffed; mediates the effects of some pheromones

42
Q

Accessory olfactory bulb

A

A neural structure located in the main olfactory bulb that receives information from the vomeronasal organ

43
Q

Lee boot effect

A

The slowing and eventual cessation of estrous cycles in groups of female animals that are housed together; caused by a pheromone in the animals urine; first observed in mice

44
Q

Whitten effect

A

The synchronization of the menstrual cycle or estrous cycles of a group of females, which occurs only in the presence of a pheromone in a male’s urine

45
Q

Vandenbergh effect

A

The earlier onset of puberty seen in female animals that are housed with males; caused by a pheromone in the males urine; first observed in mice

46
Q

Bruce effect

A

Termination of pregnancy caused by the odor of a pheromone in the urine of male other than the one that impregnated the female; first identified in mice

47
Q

Medial preoptic area (MPA)

A

An area of cell bodies just rostral to the hypothalamus; plays an essential role in male sexual behavior

48
Q

Sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN)

A

A nucleus in the preoptic area that is much larger in males than in females; first observed in rats; plays a role in male sexual behavior

49
Q

Periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)

A

The region of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct; plays an essential role in various species typical behavior including female sexual behavior

50
Q

Nucleus pragigantocellularis

A

A nucleus of the medulla that receives input from the medical preoptic area and contains neurons whose axons form synapses with motor neurons in the spinal cord that participate in sexual reflexes in males

51
Q

Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

A large nucleus of the hypothalamus located near the walls of the thirst ventricle; plays an essential role in female sexual behaviors

52
Q

Heterosexual

A

Having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to members of the other sex

53
Q

Gay/lesbian

A

Having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to members of one’s own sex

54
Q

Bisexual

A

Having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to both men and women

55
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

A condition characterized by hyper secretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex; in females, causes masculinization of the external genitalia

56
Q

Parturition

A

The act of giving birth

57
Q

Prolactin

A

A hormone of the anterior pituitary gland necessary for production of milk; also facilitates maternal behavior

psych 302 (12 decks)

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