chapter 14 Flashcards
aphasia
difficulty in producing or comprehending speech not produced by deafness or a simple motor deficit; caused by brain damage
split brain operation
brain surgery that is occasionally performed to treat a form of epilepsy; the surgeon cuts the corpus callosum, which connects the two hemispheres of the brain
bilingual
the ability to communicate fluently in two languages
prosody
the use of changes in intonation and emphasis to convey meaning in speech besides that specified by the particular words; an important means of communication of emotion
Broca’s aphasia
a form of aphasia characterized by agrammatism, anomia, and extreme difficulty in speech articulation
function word
a preposition, article, and extreme difficulty in speech articulation
content word
a noun, verb, adjective, or adverb that conveys meaning
agrammatism
one of the usual symptoms of broca’a aphasia; a difficulty in comprehending or properly employing grammatical devices, such as verb endings and word order
anomia
difficulty in finding the appropriate word to describe an object, action, or attribute; one of the symptoms of aphasia
wernike’s area
a region of the auditory association cortex on the left temporal lobe of humans, which is important in the comprehension of words and the production of meaningful speech
wernike’s aphaisa
a form of aphaisa characterized by poor speech comprehension and fluent but meaningless speech
pure word deafness
the ability to hear, to speak, and usually to read and write without being able to comprehend the meaning of speech; caused by damage to Wernike’s area or disruption of auditory input to this region
transcortical sensory aphasia
a speech disorder in which a person has difficulty comprehending speech and producing meaning full spontaneous speech but can repeat speech; caused by damage to the region of the brain posterior to wernike’s area
circumlocutions
a strategy by which people with anomia find alternative ways to say something when they are unable to think of the most appropriate word
arcuate fasciculus
a bundle of axons that connects wenike’s area with broca’s area; damage causes conduction aphasia
conduction aphasia
an aphasia characterized by the inability to repeat words that are heard by the ability to speak normally and comprehend the speech of others
pure alexia
loss of the ability to read without loss of the ability to write; produced by brain damage
whole word reading
reading by recognizing a word as a whole; sight reading
phonetic reading
reading by decoding the phonetic significance of letter strings; sound reading
surface dyslexia
a reading disorder in which a person can read words phonetically but has difficulty reading irregularly spelled words by the whole word method
direct dyslexia
a language disorder caused by brain damage in which the person can read words aloud without understanding them
phonological dyslexia
a reading disorder in which a person can read familiar words but has difficulty reading unfamiliar words or pronounceable nonwords
visual word form area
a region of the fusiform gyrus on the base of the temporal lobe that plays a critical role in whole word recognition
developmental dyslexia
a reading difficulty in a person of normal intelligence and perceptual ability; of genetic origin or caused by prenatal or perinatal factors
phonological dysgraphia
a writing disorder in which the person cannot sound out writes and write them phonetically
orthographic dysgraphia
a writing disorder in which the person can spell regularly spelled words but not irregularly spelled ones
