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psych 302 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

The study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior

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2
Q

Drugs

A

An exogenous chemical not necessary for normal cellular functioning that significantly alters the functions of certain cells of the body when taken in relatively low doses

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3
Q

Drug effects

A

Observable changes in and individual’s physiology and /or behavior

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4
Q

Sites of action

A

The locations where drug molecules interact with molecules on or in cells to affect biochemical processes

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5
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized and excreted

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6
Q

Intravenous injection (IV)

A

Injection of a substance directly into a vain.

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7
Q

Intraperitoneal injection (IP)

A

Injection of a substance into the peritoneal cavity - the space that surrounds the stomach, intestines, liver, and other abdominal organs

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8
Q

Intramuscular injection (IM)

A

Injection of a substance into a muscle

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9
Q

Subcutaneous injection (SC)

A

Injection of a substance into the space beneath the skin.

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10
Q

Oral administration

A

Administration of a substance into the mouth so that it is swallowed.

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11
Q

Sublingual administration

A

Administration of a substance by placing it beneath the tongue

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12
Q

Inhalation

A

Administration of a vaporous substance into the lungs

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13
Q

Topical administration

A

Administration of a substance directly onto the skin or mucous membrane

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14
Q

Insufflation

A

Administration of a substance by sniffing or snorting; drug is absorbed through the mucous membranes of the nose

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15
Q

Lipid solubility

A

The ability of fat-based molecules to pass through cell membranes

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16
Q

Dose-response curve

A

A graph of the magnitude of an effect of a drug as a function of the amount of drug administered

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17
Q

Therapeutic index

A

The ratio between the dose that produces the desired effect in 50 percent of the animals and the dose that produces toxic effects in 50 percent of the animals

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18
Q

Affinity

A

The readiness with which two molecules join together

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19
Q

Tolerance

A

A decrease in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly

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20
Q

Sensitization

A

An increase in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly

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21
Q

Withdrawal symptoms

A

The appearance of symptoms opposite to those produced by a drug when the drug is administered repeatedly and then suddenly no longer taken

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22
Q

Physical dependence

A

Compensatory changes following repeated use of a drug that result in withdrawal symptoms when the drug is no longer taken.

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23
Q

Placebo

A

An inert substance that is given to an organism in lieu of a physiologically active drug; used experimentally to control for the effects of mere administration of a drug

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24
Q

Antagonist

A

A drug that opposes or inhibits the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell

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25
Q

Agonist

A

A drug that facilitates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell

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26
Q

Direct agonist

A

A drug that binds with and activates a receptor

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27
Q

Receptor blocker

A

A drug that binds with a receptor but does not activate it; prevents the natural ligand from binding with the receptor

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28
Q

Direct antagonist

A

A synonym for receptor blocker

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29
Q

Noncompetitive binding

A

Binding of a drug to a site on a receptor; does not interfere with the binding sure for the principal ligand

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30
Q

Indirect antagonist

A

A drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and interferes with the action of the receptor; does not interfere with the binding site for the principal ligand

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31
Q

Indirect agonist

A

A drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and facilitates the actions of the receptor; does not interfere with the binding site for the principal ligand

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32
Q

Glutamate

A

An amino acid; the most Important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

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33
Q

Vesicle glutamate transporter

A

Proteins in the vesicles membrane that pumps glutamate into a vesicle

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34
Q

NMDA receptor

A

A specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions; has several other binding sites

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35
Q

AMPA receptor

A

An ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; stimulated by AMPA

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36
Q

Kainate receptor

A

An ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; stimulated by kainic acid

37
Q

Metabotropic glutamate receptor

A

A category of metabotropic receptors that are sensitive to glutamate

38
Q

PCP

A

Phencyclidine; a drug that binds with the PCP binding site of the NMDA receptor and serves as an indirect antagonist

39
Q

Ketamine

A

A drug that binds with a noncompetitive binding site of the NMDA receptor and serves as an indirect antagonist

40
Q

Excitatory amino acid transporters

A

Proteins that remove glutamate and other excitatory amino acids from the synapse

41
Q

Glutamate synthase

A

Enzyme that breaks down glutamate into its precursor glutamate

42
Q

Glutamate excitotoxcity

A

Toxic overstimulation of the postsynaptic cell by excess glutamate

43
Q

GABA

A

An amino acid; the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the Brain

44
Q

Vesicle GABA transporter

A

Proteins in the vesicle membrane that pump GABA into a vesicle

45
Q

GABA transporter

A

Proteins that remove GABA from the synapse

46
Q

Choline acetyltransferase

A

The enzyme that transfers the acetate ion from acetyl coenzyme A to choline, producing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

47
Q

Vesicle ACh transporter

A

Proteins in the vesicle membrane that pump acetylcholine into a vesicle

48
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

An acetylcholine antagonist; prevents release by terminal buttons

49
Q

Nicotine

A

An agonist for the ionotropic acetylcholine receptor

50
Q

Muscarine

A

An agonist for the metabotropic acetylcholine receptor

51
Q

Neostigmine

A

A drug that inhibits the activity of acetylcholine

52
Q

Monoamine

A

A class of amines that includes indolamines, such as serotonin and catecholamines such as dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine

53
Q

Catecholamine

A

A class of amines that includes the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine

54
Q

Dopamine

A

A neurotransmitter; one of the catecholamines; important in movement , attention, learning, and reinforcing effects of drugs that people tend to abuse

55
Q

Nigrostriatal system

A

A system of neurons originating in the substantia nigra and terminating in the neostriatum; controls movement

56
Q

Mesolimbic system

A

A system of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral regimental area and terminating in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus; effects reinforcement (rewards)

57
Q

Mesocortial system

A

A system of dopaminergic neurons neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the prefrontal cortex; effects short term memory, planning, strategies for problem solving

58
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

A neurological disease characterized by tremors, rigidity of the limbs, poor balance, and difficulty in initiating movements; caused by degeneration of the nigrostriatal system

59
Q

L-DOPA

A

The levorotatory form of DOPA; the precursor of catecholamines; often used to treat Parkinson’s disease because of its effect as a dopamine agonist

60
Q

Vesicle monoamine transporter

A

Proteins in the vesicle membrane that pump monoamine neurotransmitter into a vesicle

61
Q

Apomorphine

A

A drug that blocks dopamine auto receptor at low doses; at higher doses, block post synaptic receptors as well.

62
Q

Dopamine transporter

A

Proteins that remove dopamine from the synapse

63
Q

Amphetamine

A

An antagonist at dopamine and norepinephrine transporters that causes them to run in reverse releasing these neurotransmitters into the synapse

64
Q

Methamphetamine

A

An antagonist at dopamine and norepinephrine transporters that cause them to run in reverse, releasing these neurotransmitters into the synapse

65
Q

Cocaine

A

A drug that inhibits the reputake of dopamine

66
Q

Methylphenidate

A

A drug that inhibits the reuptake of dopamine

67
Q

Monoamine oxidase

A

A class of enzymes that destroy the monoamine; dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin

68
Q

Norepinephrine

A

One of the catecholamines; a neurotransmitter found in the brain and in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

69
Q

Epinephrine

A

One of the catecholamines; a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; serves also a neurotransmitter in the brain

70
Q

Locus coeruleus

A

A dark colored group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in the pond near the Rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle

71
Q

Axonal varicosity

A

An enlarged region along the length of an axon that contains synaptic vesicles and releases a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator

72
Q

Norepinephrine transporters

A

Proteins that remove norepinephrine from the synapse

73
Q

Serotonin

A

An indolamine neurotransmitter also called 5- hydroxytryptamine; controls mood, eating, sleep, and arousal, and regulation of pain; can also control dreaming

74
Q

Serotonin transporter

A

Proteins that remove serotonin from the synapse

75
Q

Fluoxetine

A

A drug that inhibits the reuptake of 5-HT (serotonin)

76
Q

MDMA

A

A drug that serves as a noradrenergic and serotonergic agonist also known as ecstasy has excitatory and hallucinogenic effects

77
Q

Histamine

A

A neurotransmitter that plays an important role in stimulating wakefulness

78
Q

Diphenhydramine

A

An antihistamine drug; antagonist at histamine receptors

79
Q

Endogenous opioid

A

A class of peptides secreted by the brain that act as opiates

80
Q

Opium

A

Agonist for opiate receptor

81
Q

Morphine

A

Agonist for opiate receptor

82
Q

Oxycodone

A

An agonist for opiate receptor

83
Q

Enkephalins

A

One of the endogenous opioids

84
Q

Methadone

A

Agonist for opiate receptor

85
Q

Naloxone

A

A drug that blocks opiate receptors

86
Q

Endocannabidoid

A

A lipid; an endogenous ligand for cannabidoid receptors which also bind with THC the active ingredient in marijuana

87
Q

THC

A

The active ingredient in marijuana activates CB1 receptors in The brain

88
Q

Anandamide

A

The first cannabidoid to be discovered and probably the most important one

psych 302 (12 decks)

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