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chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

homeostasis

A

the process by which the body’s substances and characteristics are maintained at their optimal level

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2
Q

ingestive behavior

A

eating or drinking

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3
Q

system variable

A

a variable that is controlled by a regulatory mechanism for example, temperature in a heating system

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4
Q

set point

A

the optimal value of the system variable in a regulatory mechanism

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5
Q

detector

A

in a regulatory process, a mechanism that signals when the system variable deviates from its set point

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6
Q

correctional mechanism

A

in a regulatory process, the mechanism that is capable of changing the value of the system variable

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7
Q

negative feedback

A

a process whereby the effect produced by an action serves to diminish or terminate that action; a characteristic of regulatory system

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8
Q

satiety mechanism

A

a brain mechanism that causes cessation of hunger or thirst produced by adequate and available supplied of nutrients or water

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9
Q

intracellular fluid

A

the fluid contained within cells; monitored by receptors measuring cell volume

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10
Q

extracellular fluid

A

all body fluids outside the cells; interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid

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11
Q

intravascular fluid

A

the fluid found within the blood vessels; monitored by receptors measuring blood volume

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12
Q

interstitial fluid

A

the fluid that bathes the cells, filling the space between the cells of the body

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13
Q

hypovolemia

A

reduction in the volume of the intravascular fluid

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14
Q

osmometric thirst

A

thirst produced by an increase in the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid relative to the intracellular fluid, thus producing cellular dehydration

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15
Q

osmoreceptor

A

a neuron that detects changes in the solute concentration of the interstitial fluid that surrounds it

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16
Q

volumetric thirst

A

thirst produced by hypovolemia

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17
Q

angiotensin

A

a peptide hormone that constricts blood vessels, causes the retention of sodium and water, and produces thirst and a salt appetite

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18
Q

glycogen

A

a polysaccharide often referred to as animal starch; stored in the liver and muscle; constitutes the short-term store of nutrients

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19
Q

insulin

A

a pancreatic hormone that facilitates entry of glucose and amino acids into the cell, conversion of glucose into glycogen and transport of fats into adipose tissue

20
Q

glucagon

A

a pancreatic hormone that promotes the conversion of liver glycogen into glucose

21
Q

triglycerides

A

the form of fat storage in adipose cells; consists of a molecule of glycerol joined with three fatty acids

22
Q

glycerol

A

a substance derived from the break down of triglycerides

23
Q

fatty acid

A

a substance derived from the breakdown of triglycerides along with glycerol; can be metabolized by most cells of the body except for the brain

24
Q

fasting phase

A

the phase of metabolism during which nutrients are not available from the digestive system; glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids are derived from glycogen, protein, and adipose tissue

25
Q

absorptive phase

A

the phase of metabolism during which nutrients are absorbed from the digestive system; glucose and amino acids constitute the principal source of energy for cells during this phase, and excess nutrients are stored in adipose tissue in the form of triglycerides

26
Q

ghrelin

A

a peptide hormone released by the stomach that increases eating; also produced by neurons in the brain

27
Q

duodenum

A

the first portion of the small intestine, attached directly to the stomach

28
Q

glucoprivation

A

a dramatic fall in the level of glucose available to cells; can be caused by a fall in the blood level of glucose or by drugs that inhibit glucose metabolism

29
Q

lipoprivation

A

a dramatic fall in the level of fatty acids available to cells; usually caused by drugs that inhibit fatty acid metabolism

30
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

a hormone secreted by the duodenum that regulates gastric motility and causes the gallbladder to contract; appears to provide a satiety signal transmitted to the brain through the vagus nerve

31
Q

peptide YY 3-36 (PYY)

A

a chemical produced by cells in the gastrointestinal tract and released by the small intestine after a meal in amounts proportional to the calories that were just ingested; serves as a satiety signal

32
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

the vein that transports blood from the digestive system to the liver

33
Q

ob mouse

A

a strain of mice whose obesity and low metabolic rate are caused by a mutation that prevents the production of leptin

34
Q

leptin

A

a hormone secreted by adipose tissue; decreases food intake and increases metabolic rate, primarily by inhibiting NPY-secreting neurons in the arcuate nucleus

35
Q

decerebration

A

a surgical procedure that severs the brain stem, disconnecting the hindbrain from the forebrain

36
Q

melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)

A

one of two peptide neurotransmitters found in a system of lateral hypothalamic neurons that stimulate appetite and reduce metabolic rate

37
Q

orexin

A

one of two peptide neurotransmitters found in a system of lateral hypothalamic neurons that stimulate appetite and reduce metabolic rate. also called hypocretin

38
Q

neuropeptide Y (NPY)

A

a peptide neurotransmitter found in a system of neurons of the arcuate nucleus that stimulate feeding and insulin and glucocorticoid secretion; decreases the breakdown of triglycerides; and decreases body temperature

39
Q

agouti-related protein

A

a neuropeptide that acts as an antagonist at MC4Rs and increases eating

40
Q

arcuate nucleus

A

a nucleus in the base of the hypothalamus that controls secretion of the anterior pituitary gland; contains NPY-secreting neurons involved in feeding and control of metabolism

41
Q

paraventricular nucleus

A

a nucleus of the hypothalamus located adjacent to the dorsal third ventricle contains neurons involved in the control of the autonomic nervous system and the posterior pituitary gland

42
Q

CART

A

cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript; a peptide neurotransmitter found in a system of neurons of the arcuate nucleus that inhibit feeding

43
Q

a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH)

A

a neuropeptide that act as an agonist at MC4Rs and inhibits eating

44
Q

melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R)

A

a receptor found in the brain that binds with a-MSH and agouti-related protein; plays a role in the control of appetite

45
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

a disorder that most frequently afflicts young women; exaggerated concern with overweight that leads to excessive dieting and often compulsive exercising; can lead to starvation

46
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

bouts of excessive hunger and eating often followed by forced vomiting or purging with laxatives; sometimes seen in people with anorexia nervosa

47
Q

binge eating disorder

A

a disorder that includes bouts of excessive eating

psych 302 (12 decks)

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