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psych 302 > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

a clear fluid similar to blood plasma that fills the ventricular system of the brain and the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

neuraxis

A

an imaginary line drawn through the center of the length of the central nervous system from the bottom of the spinal cord to the front of the forebrain

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3
Q

anterior

A

with respect to the central nervous system, located near or toward the head

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4
Q

posterior

A

with respect to the central nervous system located near or toward the tail

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5
Q

rostral

A

“toward the beak”, with respect to the central nervous system in a direction along the neuraxis toward the front of the face

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6
Q

caudal

A

toward the tail; with respect to the central nervous system, in a direction along the neuraxis away from the front of the face

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7
Q

dorsal

A

toward the back; with respect to the central nervous system in a direction perpendicular to the neuraxis toward the top of the head or back.

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8
Q

ventral

A

toward the belly; with respect to the central nervous system in a direction perpendicular to the neuraxis toward the bottom of the skull or front surface of the body

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9
Q

lateral

A

toward the side of the body, away from the middle

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10
Q

medial

A

toward the middle of the body away from the side

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11
Q

ipsilateral

A

located on the same side of the body

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12
Q

contralateral

A

located on the opposite side of the body

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13
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the outermost layer of gray matter of the cerebral hemisphere

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14
Q

cross section

A

with respect to the central nervous system a slice taken at right angles to the neuraxis

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15
Q

frontal section

A

a slice through the brain parallel to the forehead

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16
Q

horizontal section

A

a slice through the brain parallel to the ground

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17
Q

sagittal section

A

a slice through the brain parallel to the neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground

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18
Q

midsagittal plane

A

the plane through the neuraxis perpendicular to the ground; divides the brain into two symmetrical halves

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19
Q

meninges

A

the three layers of tissue that encase the central nervous system: the dura mater, arachnoid membrane and pia mater

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20
Q

dura mater

A

the outermost of the meninges; tough and flexible

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21
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

the middle layer of the meninges, located between the outer dura mater and inner pia mater

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22
Q

pia mater

A

the layer of the meninges that clings to the surface of the brain, thin and delicate

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23
Q

subarachnoid space

A

the fluid filled space that cushions the brain; located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater

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24
Q

ventricle

A

one of the hollow spaces within the brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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25
Q

lateral ventricle

A

one of the two ventricles located in the center of the telencephalon

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26
Q

third ventricle

A

the ventricle located in the center of he diencephalon

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27
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

a narrow tube interconnecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain, located in the center of the mesencephalon

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28
Q

fourth ventricle

A

the ventricle located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in the center of the metencephalon

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29
Q

choroid plexus

A

the highly vascular tissue that protrudes into the ventricles and produces cerebrospinal fluid

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30
Q

arachnoid granulation

A

small projections of the arachnoid membrane through the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus; CSF flows through them to be reabsorbed into the blood supply

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31
Q

forebrain

A

the most rostral of the three major divisions of the brain; includes the telencephalon and diencephalon

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32
Q

cerebral hemisphere

A

one of the two major portions of the forebrain, covered by the cerebral cortex

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33
Q

cerebrum

A

consists of the two cerebral hemispheres

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34
Q

subcortical region

A

the region located within the brain, beneath the cortical surface

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35
Q

sulci

A

a groove in the surface of the cerebral hemisphere smaller than a fissure

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36
Q

fissure

A

a major groove in the surface of the brain, larger than a sulcus

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37
Q

gyrus

A

a convolution of the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres separated by sulci or fissures

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38
Q

primary visual cortex

A

the region of the posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system

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39
Q

calcarine fissure

A

a fissure located in the occipital lobe on the medial surface of the brain most of the primary visual cortex is located along its upper and lower banks

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40
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

the region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system

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41
Q

lateral fissure

A

the fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobes

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42
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

the region of the anterior parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system

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43
Q

central sulcus

A

the sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

44
Q

insular cortex

A

a sunken region of the cerebral cortex that is normally covered by the rostral superior temporal lobe and caudal inferior frontal lobe; can receive info about taste

45
Q

sensory association cortex

A

those regions of the cerebral cortex that receive information from the regions of the primary sensory cortex

46
Q

primary motor cortex

A

the region of the posterior frontal lobe that contains neurons that control movements of skeletal muscles

47
Q

motor association cortex

A

the region of the frontal lobe rostral to the primary motor cortex; also known as the premotor cortex; controls behavior

48
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

the region of the frontal lobe rostral to the motor association cortex; involved in formulating plans and strategies

49
Q

corpus callosum

A

a large bundle of axons that interconnects corresponding regions of the association cortex on each side of the brain

50
Q

limbic cortex

A

phylogenetically old cortex, located at the medial edge of the cerebral hemispheres; part of the limbic system

51
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

a strip of limbic cortex lying along the lateral walls of the groove separating the cerebral hemispheres just about the corpus callosum

52
Q

limbic system

A

a group of brain regions including the anterior thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, and parts of the hypothalamus as well as their interconnecting fiber bundles

53
Q

hippocampus

A

a forebrain structure of the temporal lobe constituting an important part of the limbic system; big on memory

54
Q

amygdala

A

a structure in the interior of the rostral temporal lobe containing a set of nuclei; part of the limbic system; deals with emotion

55
Q

fornix

A

a fiber bundle that connects the hippocampus with other parts of the brain, including the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus; part of the limbic system

56
Q

mammillary bodies

A

a protrusion of the bottom of the brain at the posterior end of the hypothalamus containing some hypothalamic nuclei; part of the limbic system

57
Q

basal ganglia

A

important part of the motor system; parts of it are caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus

58
Q

thalamus

A

the largest portion of the diencephalon located above the hypothalamus; contains nuclei that project information to specific regions of the cerebral cortex and receive information from it

59
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

a group of cell bodies within the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus that receives fibers from the retina and projects fibers to the primary visual cortex

60
Q

medical geniculate nucleus

A

a group of cell bodies within the medical geniculate body of the thalamus; receives fibers from the auditory system and projects fibers to the primary auditory cortex

61
Q

ventrolateral nucleus

A

a nucleus of the thalamus that receives input from the cerebellum and sends axons to the primary motor cortex

62
Q

hypothalamus

A

the group of nuclei of the diencephalon situated beneath the thalamus; involved in regulation of the autonomic nervous system, control of the anterior and posterior pituitary glands, and integration of species-typical behaviors

63
Q

optic chiasm

A

an X-shaped connection between the optic nerves, located below the base of the brain just anterior to the pituitary gland

64
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

the anterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones

65
Q

neurosecretory cell

A

a neuron that secretes a hormone or hormonelike substance

66
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

the posterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland that contains hormone-secreting terminal buttons of axons whose cell bodies lie within the hypothalamus

67
Q

midbrain

A

the mesencephalon; the central of three major divisions of the brain

68
Q

mesencephalon

A

the midbrain; a region of the brain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct; includes the tectum and the tegmentum

69
Q

tectum

A

the dorsal part of the midbrain; includes the superior and inferior colliculi

70
Q

superior colliculi

A

protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of the visual system

71
Q

inferior colliculi

A

protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of the auditory system

72
Q

brain stem

A

the stem of the brain, from the medulla to the midbrain, excluding the cerebellum

73
Q

tegmentum

A

the ventral part of the midbrain; includes the periaqueductal gray matter, reticular formation, red nucleus, and substantia nigra

74
Q

reticular formation

A

a large network of neural tissue located in the central region of the brain stem, from the medulla to the diencephalon

75
Q

periaqueductal gray matter

A

the region of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct; contains neural circuits involved in species-typical behaviors

76
Q

red nucleus

A

a large nucleus of the midbrain that receives input form the cerebellum and motor cortex and sends axons to motor neurons in the spinal cord

77
Q

substantia nigra

A

a darkly stained region of the tegmentum that contains neurons that communicate with the caudate nucleus and putamen in the basal ganglia

78
Q

hindbrain

A

the most caudal of the three major divisions of the brain; includes the metencephalon and the myelencephalon

79
Q

cerebellum

A

a major part of the brain located dorsal to the pons, containing the two cerebellar hemispheres, covered with the cerebellar cortex; an important component of the motor system

80
Q

deep cerebellar nuclei

A

nuclei located within the cerebellar hemispheres; receive projections from the cerebellar cortex and send projections out of the cerebellum to other parts of the brain

81
Q

cerebellar cortex

A

the cortex that covers the surface of the cerebellum

82
Q

cerebellar peduncle

A

one of three bundles of axons that attach each cerebellar hemisphere to the dorsal pons

83
Q

pons

A

the region of the metencephalon rostral to the medulla caudal to the midbrain and ventral to the cerebellum; important in sleep and arousal

84
Q

medulla oblongata

A

the most caudal portion of the brain; located in the myelencephalon, immediately rostral to the spinal cord; regulates the cardiovascular system, respiration, and skeletal muscle tone

85
Q

spinal cord

A

the cord of nervous tissue that extends caudally from the medulla

86
Q

cauda equina

A

a bundle of spinal roots located caudal to the end of the spinal cord

87
Q

caudal block

A

the anesthesia and paralysis of the lower part of the body produced by injection of a local anesthetic into the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the cauda equina

88
Q

dorsal root

A

the spinal root that contains incoming (afferent ) sensory fibers

89
Q

ventral root

A

the spinal root that contains outgoing (efferent) motor fibers

90
Q

spinal root

A

a bundle of axons surrounded by connective tissue that occurs in pairs which fuse and form a spinal nerve

91
Q

cranial nerve

A

a peripheral nerve attached directly to the brain

92
Q

vagus nerve

A

the largest of the cranial nerves, conveying efferent fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system to organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities

93
Q

olfactory bulb

A

the protrusion at the end of the olfactory nerve; receives input from the olfactory receptors

94
Q

spinal nerve

A

a peripheral nerve attached to the spinal cord

95
Q

afferent axon

A

an axon directed toward the central nervous system, conveying sensory information

96
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

a nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent spinal nerve neurons

97
Q

efferent axon

A

an axon directed away from the central nervous system conveying motor commands to muscles and glands

98
Q

somatic nervous system

A

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of skeletal muscles of transmits somatosensory information to the central nervous system

99
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

the portion of the peripheral nervous system that control the body’s vegetative functions

100
Q

sympathetic division

A

the portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls functions that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy

101
Q

sympathetic ganglia

A

nodules that contain synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system

102
Q

sympathetic ganglion chain

A

one of a pair of groups of sympathetic ganglia that lie ventrolateral to the vertebral column

103
Q

preganglionic neuron

A

the efferent neuron of the autonomic nervous system whose cell body is located in a cranial nerve nucleus of in the intermediate horn of the spinal gray matter and whose terminal buttons synapse upon postganglionic neurons in the autonomic ganglion

104
Q

postganglionic neuron

A

neurons of the autonomic nervous system that form synapses directly with their target organ

105
Q

parasympathetic division

A

the portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls functions that occur during a relaxed state

psych 302 (12 decks)

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