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Physiology and Anatomy Final > Chapter 9 & 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 & 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Action potential

A

A rapid change in a cell’s electrical charge that reverses the plasma membrane’s electrical polarity.

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2
Q

Muscle fiber

A

Muscle cell

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3
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

The junction between nerve endings and muscle fibers.

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4
Q

Axon

A

A nerve fiber that sends nerve impulses.

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5
Q

Synaptic knob

A

The enlargement at the end of an axon that secretes a neurotransmitter.

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6
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical in the neuromuscular junction that aids in stimulating or inhibiting muscle contraction.

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7
Q

Protein

A

An organic substance composed of linked amino acid molecules.

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8
Q

Ligand gated ion channel

A

A channel that opens or closes when a ligand is bound to the receptor site.

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9
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

The difference between the electric charge inside the membrane and just outside the membrane.

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10
Q

End Plate Potential

A

A rapid change in membrane voltage.

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11
Q

Sarcolemma

A

The cell membrane of a muscle fiber.

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12
Q

T Tubules

A

Tube-like canals in the sarcolemma that deliver action potentials into the muscle fiber.

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13
Q

Cytosol

A

The fluid matrix of the cytoplasm.

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14
Q

Troponin

A

The protein component of the actin filament that helps block myosin from binding until calcium is present.

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15
Q

Tropomyosin

A

The protein of the actin filament that blocks myosin from binding until calcium is present.

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16
Q

Myosin

A

A thick myofilament in the sarcomere that acts with actin to contract and relax muscles.

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17
Q

Actin

A

A thin myofilament in the sarcomere that is responsible for contraction and relaxation.

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18
Q

Cross-bridge

A

The connection between the actin and myosin filaments where myosin heads bind.

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19
Q

Myosin head

A

Globular protrusions on a myosin filament that bind to actin filaments to form cross-bridges.

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20
Q

Ligand

A

A molecule that binds to a receptor site or enzyme.

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21
Q

Cisternae

A

The interior space of the sarcoplasmic reticulum where calcium is stored.

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22
Q

Antagonistic muscles

A

The other force is an opposite muscle that is paired with the first. This opposing muscle contracts to relieve the first muscle.

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23
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

A theory that explains that muscles contract when thick and thin filaments slide past each other.

H zones and I bands of skeletal muscle fibers get narrower because of overlap and the Z lines compress closer to one another.

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24
Q

contractility

A

(shortens forcefully),

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24
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

is a common disorder that inhibits action potentials that occur at the neuromuscular junction.

25
Q

excitability

A

(responds to stimuli),

26
Q

extensibility

A

(can be stretched and still contract),

27
Q

elasticity

A

(recoils to resting length).

28
Q

Myofibrils

A

are composed of two major protein fibers: actin and myosin.

29
Q

Depolarization

A

results from an increase in the permeability of the plasma membrane to Na+.

30
Q

The repolarization phase

A

of the action potential occurs when the Na+ channels close and the K+ channels open briefly.

31
Q

Isometric contractions

A

cause a change in muscle tension but no change in muscle length.

32
Q

Isotonic contractions

A

cause a change in muscle length but no change in muscle tension.

33
Q

Treppe

A

is an increase in the force of contraction during the first few contractions of a rested muscle.

34
Q

Incomplete tetanus

A

is partial relaxation between contractions;

35
Q

complete tetanus

A

is no relaxation between contractions.

36
Q

Multiple-motor-unit recruitment
Muscle tone is the maintenance of steady tension for long periods.

A

results in more motor units responding to greater stimuli.

37
Q

Concentric contractions

A

cause muscles to shorten and tension to increase.

38
Q

Eccentric contractions

A

cause muscles to lengthen and tension to decrease gradually.

39
Q

Asynchronous contractions of motor units

A

produce smooth, steady muscle contractions.

40
Q

Slow twitch muscle fibers

A

Slow-twitch muscle fibers break down ATP slowly and have a well-developed blood supply, many mitochondria, and myoglobin. Long distance runners. Slow-twitch muscle fibers contract slowly and can remain contracted for longer amounts of time without becoming fatigued.

41
Q

Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibers

A

Fast-twitch muscle fibers break down ATP rapidly. Sprinters. Human muscle fibers that contract rapidly; become tired quickly when contracted.

42
Q

Visceral smooth muscle fibers - Smooth muscle

A

contract slowly, have gap junctions (and thus function as a single unit), and can be autorhythmic. More common in the body; works throughout the entire body

43
Q

Multiunit smooth muscle fibers - Smooth muscle

A

contract rapidly in response to stimulation by neurons and function independently. Contracts only when told to by nerves and hormones

44
Q

Smooth muscles

A

Fine and randomly organized, smooth muscles are short and have only one nucleus per fiber. Like cardiac muscles, smooth muscle movement is involuntary. They assist with digestion.

45
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Your heart contains powerful cardiac muscles composed of cylindrical cells that branch. They pump involuntarily to send blood to every cell in your body.

46
Q

Skeletal

A

This muscle usually connects two bones, spanning between the bones to hold a joint together. When you contract skeletal muscle, it moves one bone in relation to another. Its fibers are long and thin.

47
Q

Electrical signal

A

A signal sent by the nervous system when there is a change in electrical charge between two points.

48
Q

Aerobic exercise

A

Aerobic exercise (like running) helps increase strength in slow-twitch muscles. It can also help convert fast-twitch fatigable muscle fibers into fast-twitch-fatigue-resistant fibers, allowing the muscle to become stronger and work longer.

49
Q

Anaerobic exercise

A

Anaerobic exercise (like weight-lifting) increases muscle mass and strength and also strengthens fast-twitch muscles.

50
Q

origin

A

The less movable end of a muscle attachment

51
Q

insertion

A

the more movable end is the

52
Q

An agonist

A

causes a certain movement

53
Q

Antagonist

A

acts in opposition to the agonist.

54
Q

Synergists

A

are muscles that function together to produce movement.

55
Q

Prime movers

A

are mainly responsible for a movement.

56
Q

Fixators

A

stabilize the action of prime movers.

57
Q

fulcrum

A

is located between the pull and the weight.

58
Q

weight

A

is located between the fulcrum and the pull.

59
Q

pull

A

is located between the fulcrum and the weight.

Physiology and Anatomy Final (14 decks)

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