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Physiology and Anatomy Final > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Cranial nerve

A

Any of the 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the brain.

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2
Q

Cerebrum

A

The largest and most advanced portion of the brain; divided into two hemispheres.

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3
Q

longitudinal Fissure

A

The crevice that runs along the length of the brain and divides the cerebral hemispheres.

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4
Q

Cerebelleum

A

The portion of the brain that controls skeletal muscle movement.

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5
Q

Brainstem

A

Lower portion of the brain composed of the pons, midbrain, and medulla oblongata.

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6
Q

Vertebral Canal

A

Encloses and protects the spinal cord; within the vertebrae.

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7
Q

Three meningeal layers surround the spinal cord

A

the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

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7
Q

Vertebral Column

A

A series of 33 vertebrae that enclose the spinal cord.

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8
Q

White matter

A

is organized into columns, which are subdivided into nerve tracts, or fascicles, which carry action potentials to and from the brain.

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9
Q

Gray Matter - The dorsal horns

A

contain sensory axons that synapse with interneurons.

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10
Q

Gray matter - Ventral horns

A

The ventral horns contain the neuron cell bodies of somatic motor neurons, and the lateral horns contain the neuron cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons.

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11
Q

The dorsal root

A

conveys sensory input into the spinal cord, an

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12
Q

the ventral root

A

conveys motor output away from the spinal cord.

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13
Q

Muscle spindles

A

detect the stretch of skeletal muscles and cause the muscle to shorten reflexively.

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14
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

respond to increased tension within tendons and cause skeletal muscles to relax.

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15
Q

Activation of pain receptors

A

causes muscles to contract and move some part of the body away from a painful stimulus.

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16
Q

Reciprocal innervation

A

causes muscles that would oppose withdrawal to relax.

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17
Q

Spinal nerve S5 and the coccygeal nerve

A

form the coccygeal plexus, which supplies the muscles of the pelvic floor and the skin over the coccyx.

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18
Q

In the crossed extensor reflex.

A

, flexion of one limb caused by the withdrawal reflex stimulates the opposite limb to extend

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19
Q

The obturator nerve

A

supplies the muscles that adduct the thigh and the skin of the medial thigh.

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20
Q

The femoral nerve

A

supplies the muscles that flex the thigh and extend the leg and the skin of the anterior and lateral thigh and the medial leg and foot.

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21
Q

The tibial nerve

A

innervates the muscles that extend the thigh and flex the leg and the foot. It also supplies the plantar muscles and the skin of the posterior leg and the sole of the foot.

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22
Q

The common fibular nerve

A

supply the short head of the biceps femoris, the muscles that dorsiflex and plantar flex the foot, and the skin of the lateral and anterior leg and the dorsum of the foot.

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23
Q

Other lumbosacral nerves

A

supply the lower abdominal muscles, the hip muscles, and the skin of the suprapubic area, external genitalia, and upper medial thigh.

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24
Q

In the thigh, the tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve

A

are combined as the sciatic nerve.

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25
Q

The axillary nerve

A

innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles and the skin of the shoulder.

26
Q

The radial nerve

A

supplies the extensor muscles of the arm and forearm and the skin of the posterior surface of the arm, forearm, and hand.

27
Q

The musculocutaneous nerve

A

supplies the anterior arm muscles and the skin of the lateral surface of the forearm.

28
Q

The ulnar nerve

A

innervates most of the intrinsic hand muscles and the skin on the ulnar side of the hand.

29
Q

The median nerve

A

innervates the pronator and most of the flexor muscles of the forearm, most of the thenar muscles, and the skin of the radial side of the palm of the hand.

30
Q

Spinal nerves C1–C4 form the cervical plexus

A

which supplies some muscles and the skin of the neck and shoulder.

31
Q

The phrenic nerves

A

innervate the diaphragm.

32
Q

The medulla oblongata

A

is continuous with the spinal cord and contains ascending and descending tracts.

33
Q

The pyramids

A

are tracts controlling voluntary muscle movement.

34
Q

The olives

A

are nuclei that function in equilibrium, coordination, and modulation of sound from the inner ear.

35
Q

Medullary nuclei

A

regulate the heart, blood vessels, respiration, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and hiccuping.

36
Q

Pontine nuclei

A

regulate sleep and respiration.

37
Q

The tectum consists of four colliculi - Midbrain

A

The two inferior colliculi are involved in hearing, and the two superior colliculi in visual reflexes.

38
Q

The tegmentum - Midbrain

A

contains ascending tracts and the red nuclei, which are involved in motor activity.

39
Q

The cerebral peduncles - Midbrain

A

are the major descending motor pathway.

40
Q

The substantia nigra - Midbrain

A

connects to other basal nuclei and is involved with muscle tone and movement.

41
Q

The reticular formation

A

consists of nuclei scattered throughout the brainstem. The reticular system functions in many brainstem activities, including motor control, pain perception, rhythmic contractions, and the sleep-wake cycle.

42
Q

The cerebellum

A

has three parts, which control balance, gross motor coordination, and fine motor coordination.

The cerebellum corrects discrepancies between intended movements and actual movements.

The cerebellum can “learn” highly specific, complex motor activities.

43
Q

Thalamus

A

The thalamus consists of two lobes connected by the interthalamic adhesion. The thalamus functions as an integration center.

Most sensory input synapses in the thalamus. Pain is registered in the thalamus.

The thalamus also has some motor functions.

44
Q

Subthalamus

A

The subthalamus is inferior to the thalamus and is involved in motor function

45
Q

Epithalamus

A

The epithalamus is superior and posterior to the thalamus and contains the habenula, which is involved in motivation and reward behavior. The pineal gland may play a role in the onset of puberty.

46
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The hypothalamus regulates many endocrine functions (e.g., metabolism, reproduction, response to stress, and urine production). The pituitary gland attaches to the hypothalamus.

The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, satiety, swallowing, and emotions.

47
Q

The frontal lobes

A

are involved in smell, voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, and mood.

48
Q

The parietal lobes

A

contain the major sensory areas receiving general sensory input, taste, and balance.

49
Q

The occipital lobes

A

contain the visual centers.

50
Q

The temporal lobes

A

receive olfactory and auditory input and are involved in memory, abstract thought, and judgmen

51
Q

The insula lobes

A

receive taste input.

52
Q

The basal nuclei

A

are important in controlling motor functions.

53
Q

Limbic System

A

The limbic system includes parts of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, the amygdala, the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the olfactory cortex.

The limbic system controls visceral functions through the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system and is involved in emotions and memory.

54
Q

The oculomotor nerve

A

(III) innervates four of six extrinsic eye muscles and the upper eyelid. The oculomotor nerve also provides parasympathetic supply to the iris and lens of the eye.

55
Q

The trochlear nerve (IV)

A

controls one of the extrinsic eye muscles.

56
Q

The trigeminal nerve

A

(V) supplies the muscles of mastication, as well as a middle ear muscle, a palatine muscle, and two throat muscles. The trigeminal nerve has the greatest cutaneous sensory distribution of any cranial nerve. Two of the three trigeminal nerve branches innervate the teeth.

57
Q

The abducens nerve

A

(VI) controls one of the extrinsic eye muscles.

58
Q

The facial nerve

A

(VII) supplies the muscles of facial expression, an inner ear muscle, and two throat muscles. It is involved in the sense of taste. It is parasympathetic to two sets of salivary glands and to the lacrimal glands.

59
Q

The vestibulocochlear nerve

A

(VIII) is involved in the senses of hearing and balance.

60
Q

The glossopharyngeal nerve

A

(IX) is involved in taste and supplies tactile sensory innervation from the posterior tongue, middle ear, and pharynx. It is also sensory for receptors that monitor blood pressure and gas levels in the blood. The glossopharyngeal nerve is parasympathetic to the parotid salivary glands.

61
Q

The vagus nerve

A

(X) innervates the muscles of the pharynx, palate, and larynx. It is also involved in the sense of taste. The vagus nerve is sensory for the pharynx and larynx and for receptors that monitor blood pressure and gas levels in the blood. The vagus nerve is also sensory for thoracic and abdominal organs. The vagus nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic and abdominal organs.

62
Q

The accessory nerve

A

(XI) has only a spinal component. It supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.

63
Q
A

Physiology and Anatomy Final (14 decks)

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