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Physiology and Anatomy Final > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

is anything that occupies space and mass

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2
Q

Mass

A

The amount of matter in the object

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3
Q

Weight

A

Results from the force exerted by the earth’s gravity on matte

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4
Q

Element

A

simplest type of matter having unique chemical and physical properties.

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5
Q

An atom

A

is the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element. An element is composed of only one kind of atom.

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6
Q

Atoms

A

consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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7
Q

The atomic number

A

is the unique number of protons in an atom.

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8
Q

Isotopes

A

are atoms that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.

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9
Q

The chemical behavior of atoms

A

is determined mainly by their outermost electrons.

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10
Q

A chemical bond

A

occurs when atoms share or transfer electrons.

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11
Q

Ions

A

Atoms that have gained (anions) or lost (cations) electrons.

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12
Q

Ionic bond

A

results from the attraction of the oppositely charged cation and anion to each other

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13
Q

A covalent bond

A

forms when electron pairs are shared between atoms

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14
Q

A polar covalent bond

A

results when the sharing of electrons is unequal and can produce a polar molecule that is electrically asymmetric.

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15
Q

A molecule

A

two or more atoms chemically combined to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit.

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16
Q

A compound

A

is two or more different types of atoms chemically combined.

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17
Q

The molecular mass

A

of a molecule or compound can be determined by adding up the atomic masses of its atoms (or ions).

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18
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A hydrogen bond is the weak attraction between a positively charged hydrogen and negatively charged oxygen or another polar molecule.

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19
Q

Solubility

A

Ability of one substance to dissolve in another.

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20
Q

electrolytes.

A

Ionic substances that dissolve in water by dissociation are

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21
Q

nonelectrolytes.

A

Molecules that do not dissociate are

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22
Q

A synthesis reaction

A

is the chemical combination of two or more substances to form a new or larger substance

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23
Q

A dehydration reaction

A

is a synthesis reaction in which water is produced.

24
Q

Anabolism.

A

The sum of all synthesis reactions in the body is called

25
Q

A decomposition reaction

A

is the chemical breakdown of a larger substance to two or more different and smaller substances.

26
Q

A hydrolysis reaction

A

is a decomposition reaction in which water is depleted.

27
Q

Catabolism.

A

The sum of all the decomposition reactions in the body

28
Q

Oxidation-reduction reactions

A

involve the complete or partial transfer of electrons between atoms.

29
Q

Energy

A

The ability to do work

30
Q

Potential energy

A

stored energy,

31
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy resulting from the movement of an object

32
Q

Enzymes

A

specialized protein catalysts that lower the activation energy (minimum energy to start a chemical reaction) for chemical reactions.

33
Q

A mixture

A

is a combination of two or more substances physically blended together, but not chemically combined.

34
Q

A solution

A

is any liquid, gas, or solid in which the substances are uniformly distributed, with no clear boundary between the substances.

35
Q

A solute

A

dissolves in a solvent.

36
Q

A suspension

A

is a mixture containing materials that separate from each other unless they are continually, physically blended together.

37
Q

A colloid

A

is a mixture in which a dispersed (solutelike) substance is distributed throughout a dispersing (solventlike) substance. Particles do not settle out of a colloid.

38
Q

Acids

A

proton (H+) donors, have pH values less than 7.

39
Q

Bases

A

are proton acceptors, have PHs more than 7

40
Q

A buffer

A

is a solution of a conjugate acid-base pair that resists changes in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution.

41
Q

Organic molecules

A

contain carbon and hydrogen atoms bound together by covalent bonds.

42
Q

Monosaccharides

A

are the basic building blocks of other carbohydrates. Examples are ribose, deoxyribose, glucose, fructose, and galactose. Glucose is an especially important source of energy.

43
Q

Disaccharide molecules

A

are formed by dehydration reactions between two monosaccharides. Examples of disaccharides are sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

44
Q

A polysaccharide

A

composed of many monosaccharides bound together to form a long chain. Examples include cellulose, starch, and glycogen

45
Q

Triglycerides (fats)

A

) are composed of glycerol and fatty acids and store energy. Fatty acids are straight chains of carbon molecules with a carboxyl group. Fatty acids can be saturated (single covalent bonds) or unsaturated (double covalent bonds).

46
Q

Phospholipids

A

are lipids in which a fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate-containing molecule. Phospholipids are a major structural component of plasma membranes.

47
Q

Steroids

A

are lipids composed of four interconnected ring molecules. Examples are cholesterol, bile salts, and sex hormones.

48
Q

The building blocks of a protein

A

are amino acids, which are joined by peptide bonds. The number, kind, and arrangement of amino acids determine the primary structure of a protein.

49
Q

A gene

A

is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that determines the structure of a protein or RNA.

50
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

stores energy derived from catabolism. The energy released from ATP is used in anabolism and other cell processes.

51
Q

Chemistry

A

The study of the composition, structure, and reactions of matter.

52
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Provides majority of energy that cells require

53
Q

Lipids

A

Supplies the energy that the body uses to generate cells

54
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Building blocks of proteins and genetic material, giving instructions that control cells activities

55
Q

Proteins

A

Structural materials, energy providers, and chemical messengers

56
Q
A

Physiology and Anatomy Final (14 decks)

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