Chapter 4 Flashcards
Metabolism
All chemical reactions that occur in your body.
Anabolism
The metabolic process that consumes energy and synthesizes smaller molecules into larger molecules.
Catabolism
The metabolic process that releases energy and breaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules.
Anaerobic
A metabolic process that does not require oxygen. Breathe heavily. 2 molecules of ATP for each glucose molecule.
Aerobic
A metabolic process that does require oxygen. Breathe normally. Up to 38 molecules of ATP for glucose molecule.
Enzymes
which are small proteins, They bring substrates together and facilitate chemical reactions.
When substrates bind to an enzyme
the overall energy needed to create the chemical reaction is lowered. This allows chemical processes to occur more quickly and efficiently.
Substrate
The substance that an enzyme acts on and changes. Each type of enzyme acts on a specific substrate
glycolysis.
The process of breaking down glucose to ATP and pyruvic acid. Enzymes lower the activation energy of glycolysis and allow the cells to release energy in small amounts that your body can handle.
Glucose
is a simple sugar that is important in cellular functions and energy release.
Lactic acid
when oxygen is not available, leading to muscle fatigue and a burning sensation. Anaerobic.
Nucleic Acid
The genetic materials of cells that control protein synthesis; DNA and RNA. Hereditary characteristics
RNA / Ribonucleic acid
Nucleotide polymers that play an important role in protein synthesis. 1 strand, cytoplasm
Double helix - upright pieces
Strands of nucleotides consisting of sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
Double helix - rungs of ladder
Hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides
DNA
directs the production of proteins through RNA; two chains, in nucleus
Messenger RNA
Delivers information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Transfer RNA
Aligns amino acids so they can bond
Ribosomal RNA
Binds messenger RNA and transfer RNA, allowing them to deliver and transfer info
the germinal period, and
during which the germ layers form
the embryonic period,
when the organ systems form;
the fetal period,
characterized by growth and maturation.
Postovulatory age
14 days less than clinical age.
Fertilization
the union of the oocyte and sperm, results in a zygote.
The cells of the early embryo are pluripotent
(capable of making any cell of the body)
In the very early stages of development, the cells are totipotent
meaning that each cell can give rise to any tissue necessary for development.
The product of fertilization - Morula and Blastocyst
The product of fertilization undergoes divisions until it becomes a mass called a morula and then a hollow ball of cells called a blastocyst.
The embryo becomes a fetus
at 60 days.
Apgar
represents appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiratory effort.
Congenital disorders
are abnormalities present at birth.
Teratogens.
are environmental agents that cause some congenital disorders
Genomic medicine
understanding of the biochemical relationship between genes and disease to diagnose and manage disease.
An organism homozygous
for a trait has two identical alleles for the trait,
An organism heterozygous
has two different alleles for the trait.
Somatic cells
have a diploid number of chromosomes, 46 in humans
gametes
have a haploid number of chromosomes, 23 in humans
The genome
consists of all the genes found in the haploid number of chromosomes from one parent.
