Chapter 4

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

All chemical reactions that occur in your body.

Question 2

Anabolism

Answer 2

The metabolic process that consumes energy and synthesizes smaller molecules into larger molecules.

Question 3

Catabolism

Answer 3

The metabolic process that releases energy and breaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules.

Question 4

Anaerobic

Answer 4

A metabolic process that does not require oxygen. Breathe heavily. 2 molecules of ATP for each glucose molecule.

Question 5

Aerobic

Answer 5

A metabolic process that does require oxygen. Breathe normally. Up to 38 molecules of ATP for glucose molecule.

Question 6

Enzymes

Answer 6

which are small proteins, They bring substrates together and facilitate chemical reactions.

Question 7

When substrates bind to an enzyme

Answer 7

the overall energy needed to create the chemical reaction is lowered. This allows chemical processes to occur more quickly and efficiently.

Question 8

Substrate

Answer 8

The substance that an enzyme acts on and changes. Each type of enzyme acts on a specific substrate

Question 9

glycolysis.

Answer 9

The process of breaking down glucose to ATP and pyruvic acid. Enzymes lower the activation energy of glycolysis and allow the cells to release energy in small amounts that your body can handle.

Question 10

Glucose

Answer 10

is a simple sugar that is important in cellular functions and energy release.

Question 11

Lactic acid

Answer 11

when oxygen is not available, leading to muscle fatigue and a burning sensation. Anaerobic.

Question 12

Nucleic Acid

Answer 12

The genetic materials of cells that control protein synthesis; DNA and RNA. Hereditary characteristics

Question 13

RNA / Ribonucleic acid

Answer 13

Nucleotide polymers that play an important role in protein synthesis. 1 strand, cytoplasm

Question 14

Double helix - upright pieces

Answer 14

Strands of nucleotides consisting of sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

Question 15

Double helix - rungs of ladder

Answer 15

Hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides

Question 16

DNA

Answer 16

directs the production of proteins through RNA; two chains, in nucleus

Question 17

Messenger RNA

Answer 17

Delivers information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Question 18

Transfer RNA

Answer 18

Aligns amino acids so they can bond

Question 19

Ribosomal RNA

Answer 19

Binds messenger RNA and transfer RNA, allowing them to deliver and transfer info

Question 20

the germinal period, and

Answer 20

during which the germ layers form

Question 21

the embryonic period,

Answer 21

when the organ systems form;

Question 22

the fetal period,

Answer 22

characterized by growth and maturation.

Question 23

Postovulatory age

Answer 23

14 days less than clinical age.

Question 24

Fertilization

Answer 24

the union of the oocyte and sperm, results in a zygote.

Question 25

The cells of the early embryo are pluripotent

Answer 25

(capable of making any cell of the body)

Question 26

In the very early stages of development, the cells are totipotent

Answer 26

meaning that each cell can give rise to any tissue necessary for development.

Question 27

The product of fertilization - Morula and Blastocyst

Answer 27

The product of fertilization undergoes divisions until it becomes a mass called a morula and then a hollow ball of cells called a blastocyst.

Question 28

The embryo becomes a fetus

Answer 28

at 60 days.

Question 29

Apgar

Answer 29

represents appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiratory effort.

Question 30

Congenital disorders

Answer 30

are abnormalities present at birth.

Question 31

Teratogens.

Answer 31

are environmental agents that cause some congenital disorders

Question 32

Genomic medicine

Answer 32

understanding of the biochemical relationship between genes and disease to diagnose and manage disease.

Question 33

An organism homozygous

Answer 33

for a trait has two identical alleles for the trait,

Question 34

An organism heterozygous

Answer 34

has two different alleles for the trait.

Question 35

Somatic cells

Answer 35

have a diploid number of chromosomes, 46 in humans

Question 36

gametes

Answer 36

have a haploid number of chromosomes, 23 in humans

Question 37

The genome

Answer 37

consists of all the genes found in the haploid number of chromosomes from one parent.