Chapter 1 Flashcards
Developmental anatomy
considers anatomical changes over time
Gross anatomy studies
organs from a systemic or regional perspective
Surface anatomy
superficial structures to locate internal structures
Pathology
concerned with all aspects of disease
Six organizational levels within the body
chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.
Homeostasis
Condition in which body functions, body fluids, and other factors of the internal environment are maintained at levels suitable to support life.
Negative-feedback mechanisms
maintain homeostasis by stopping a response once a variable has returned to its set point
Positive-feedback mechanisms
usually result in deviations farther from the set point. A few of these mechanisms are normal for homeostasis; some can be harmful.
Feedback loop
(1) receptor, (2) control center, and (3) effector.
Sagittal
(right and left),
transverse
(superior and inferior),
Frontal
(anterior and posterior).
Superior vs. inferior
Above vs below
Cephalic
Caudal
Closer to the head vs. closer to the tail
Anterior
Posterior
front vs. back
Ventral vs. dorsal
Towards the belly vs. towards the back
Proximal
Distal
Closer vs. farther
Lateral
Medial
Away from the midline vs. toward the midline
Superficial
Deep
Toward the surface vs. away from the surface
Anatomical position
A human standing erect with the face directed forward, the arms hanging to the sides, and the palms facing forward
Supine
Person lying upwards
Prone
Person lying facedown
There are two internal body cavities: the dorsal and the ventral
(houses the brain and spinal cord)
(subdivided into thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic)
The thoracic cavity
Heart and lungs
Variables
The levels that can change in cellular fluids
Set point
The average or normal value of variables.
Feedback loop
A circle of communication that returns to the beginning to verify that the correct result has been achieved.
Control center
A structure that establishes a set point and determines a response when a change occurs.
Effector
A structure that effects change in the body to maintain homeostasis.
Receptor
A structure that detects changes caused by a stimulus.
