Chapter 1

Question 1

Developmental anatomy

Answer 1

considers anatomical changes over time

Question 2

Gross anatomy studies

Answer 2

organs from a systemic or regional perspective

Question 3

Surface anatomy

Answer 3

superficial structures to locate internal structures

Question 4

Pathology

Answer 4

concerned with all aspects of disease

Question 5

Six organizational levels within the body

Answer 5

chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.

Question 6

Homeostasis

Answer 6

Condition in which body functions, body fluids, and other factors of the internal environment are maintained at levels suitable to support life.

Question 7

Negative-feedback mechanisms

Answer 7

maintain homeostasis by stopping a response once a variable has returned to its set point

Question 8

Positive-feedback mechanisms

Answer 8

usually result in deviations farther from the set point. A few of these mechanisms are normal for homeostasis; some can be harmful.

Question 9

Feedback loop

Answer 9

(1) receptor, (2) control center, and (3) effector.

Question 10

Sagittal

Answer 10

(right and left),

Question 11

transverse

Answer 11

(superior and inferior),

Question 12

Frontal

Answer 12

(anterior and posterior).

Question 13

Superior vs. inferior

Answer 13

Above vs below

Question 14

Cephalic

Caudal

Answer 14

Closer to the head vs. closer to the tail

Question 15

Anterior

Posterior

Answer 15

front vs. back

Question 16

Ventral vs. dorsal

Answer 16

Towards the belly vs. towards the back

Question 17

Proximal

Distal

Answer 17

Closer vs. farther

Question 18

Lateral

Medial

Answer 18

Away from the midline vs. toward the midline

Question 19

Superficial

Deep

Answer 19

Toward the surface vs. away from the surface

Question 20

Anatomical position

Answer 20

A human standing erect with the face directed forward, the arms hanging to the sides, and the palms facing forward

Question 21

Supine

Answer 21

Person lying upwards

Question 22

Prone

Answer 22

Person lying facedown

Question 23

There are two internal body cavities: the dorsal and the ventral

Answer 23

(houses the brain and spinal cord)

(subdivided into thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic)

Question 24

The thoracic cavity

Answer 24

Heart and lungs

Question 25

Variables

Answer 25

The levels that can change in cellular fluids

Question 26

Set point

Answer 26

The average or normal value of variables.

Question 27

Feedback loop

Answer 27

A circle of communication that returns to the beginning to verify that the correct result has been achieved.

Question 28

Control center

Answer 28

A structure that establishes a set point and determines a response when a change occurs.

Question 29

Effector

Answer 29

A structure that effects change in the body to maintain homeostasis.

Question 30

Receptor

Answer 30

A structure that detects changes caused by a stimulus.